Skip to main content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Here’s how you know

Dot gov

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

HTTPS

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (LockA locked padlock) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

    • Environmental Topics
    • Air
    • Bed Bugs
    • Cancer
    • Chemicals, Toxics, and Pesticide
    • Emergency Response
    • Environmental Information by Location
    • Health
    • Land, Waste, and Cleanup
    • Lead
    • Mold
    • Radon
    • Research
    • Science Topics
    • Water Topics
    • A-Z Topic Index
    • Laws & Regulations
    • By Business Sector
    • By Topic
    • Compliance
    • Enforcement
    • Laws and Executive Orders
    • Regulations
    • Report a Violation
    • Environmental Violations
    • Fraud, Waste or Abuse
    • About EPA
    • Our Mission and What We Do
    • Headquarters Offices
    • Regional Offices
    • Labs and Research Centers
    • Planning, Budget, and Results
    • Organization Chart
    • EPA History

Breadcrumb

  1. Home
  2. Environmental Economics

The Social Cost of Carbon: Trends, Outliers and Catastrophes

Estimates of the social cost of carbon (dioxide emissions), or the marginal damage cost of climate change are an essential ingredient to any assessment of climate policy.  Author: Richard J. Tol.  Published Aug. 12, 2008 in Economics, vol. 2, 2008-25.

  • The Social Cost of Carbon: Trends, Outliers and Catastrophes (pdf) (276.07 KB)

Environmental Economics

  • Overview of Environmental Economics
    • Seminars and Workshops
    • CGE Modeling for Regulatory Analysis
    • Current Opportunities, Grants and Solicitations
  • EPA Guidelines for Preparing Economic Analyses
    • SAB 2020 Review of Guidelines for Preparing Economic Analyses
  • Environmental Economics Reports
    • Working Paper Series
    • Journal Articles and Book Chapters
  • Current Environmental Economic Topics
    • Climate Change
    • Mortality Risk Valuation
  • EPA Datasets
  • EPA Handbook on Land Cleanup and Reuse
  • Peer Review of TSD: Social Cost of Greenhouse Gas Estimates (2023)
  • Retrospective Study of the Costs of EPA Regulations
Contact Us About Environmental Economics
Contact Us to ask a question, provide feedback, or report a problem.
Last updated on January 17, 2025
  • Assistance
  • Spanish
  • Arabic
  • Chinese (simplified)
  • Chinese (traditional)
  • French
  • Haitian Creole
  • Korean
  • Portuguese
  • Russian
  • Tagalog
  • Vietnamese
United States Environmental Protection Agency

Discover.

  • Accessibility Statement
  • Budget & Performance
  • Contracting
  • EPA www Web Snapshot
  • Grants
  • No FEAR Act Data
  • Plain Writing
  • Privacy
  • Privacy and Security Notice

Connect.

  • Data
  • Inspector General
  • Jobs
  • Newsroom
  • Regulations.gov
  • Subscribe
  • USA.gov
  • White House

Ask.

  • Contact EPA
  • EPA Disclaimers
  • Hotlines
  • FOIA Requests
  • Frequent Questions
  • Site Feedback

Follow.