Risk Evaluation for Butyl Benzyl Phthalate (1,2-Benzene- dicarboxylic acid, 1- butyl 2(phenylmethyl) ester) (BBP)
In December 2025, EPA released the final risk evaluation and associated technical support documents for butyl benzyl phthalate (1,2-Benzene- dicarboxylic acid, 1- butyl 2(phenylmethyl) ester) (BBP) under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). EPA designated BBP as a High-Priority Substance in December 2019.
Find other information about other chemicals undergoing risk evaluations under TSCA.
On this page:
- What is BBP?
- Risk Evaluation Findings
- Risk Evaluation and Supporting Documents
- Draft Risk Evaluation and Supporting Documents
What is BBP?
BBP (CASRN 85-68-7) is a clear, oily liquid. The primary use for BBP is as a plasticizer in adhesives and sealants, floor coverings, paints and coatings, and use in plastic and rubber products. Information from the 2016 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) for BBP indicates the reported production volume is between 10 million and 50 million lbs/year (manufacture and import).
Risk Evaluation
EPA determined that BBP presents unreasonable risk of injury to human health based on risk to workers from two conditions of use (COU) and that BBP presents an unreasonable risk to the environment from seven COUs. EPA did not identify a risk of injury to human health or the environment from the other 31 COUs for BBP. For COUs with unreasonable risk to workers, these risk determinations do not reflect the use of personal protective equipment (PPE); however, as the risk evaluation shows, the use of PPE may reduce exposures and mitigate risk. EPA did not determine that BBP presents unreasonable risk of injury to human health for consumers or the general population from any COU.
Risk Evaluation and Supporting Documents
View the supporting documents in docket EPA-HQ-OPPT-2018-0501.
- Risk Evaluation for Butyl Benzyl Phthalate (BBP) (pdf)
- Nontechnical Summary of the TSCA Risk Evaluation for Butyl Benzyl Phthalate (BBP) (pdf)
- Systematic Review Protocol for Butyl Benzyl Phthalate (BBP) (pdf)
- Data Quality Evaluation and Data Extraction Information for Physical and Chemical Properties for BBP (pdf)
- Data Quality Evaluation and Data Extraction Information for Environmental Fate and Transport for BBP (pdf)
- Data Quality Evaluation and Data Extraction Information for Environmental Release and Occupational Exposure for BBP (pdf)
- Data Quality Evaluation and Data Extraction Information for Dermal Absorption for BBP (pdf)
- Data Quality Evaluation Information for General Population, Consumer, and Environmental Exposure for BBP (pdf)
- Data Extraction Information for General Population, Consumer, and Environmental Exposure for BBP (pdf)
- Data Quality Evaluation Information for Human Health Hazard Epidemiology for BBP (pdf)
- Data Quality Evaluation Information for Human Health Hazard Animal Toxicology for BBP (pdf)
- Data Quality Evaluation Information for Environmental Hazard for BBP (pdf)
- Data Extraction Information for Environmental Hazard and Human Health Hazard Animal Toxicology and Epidemiology for BBP (pdf)
- Physical Chemistry and Fate and Transport Assessment for BBP (pdf)
- Environmental Release and Occupational Exposure Assessment for BBP (pdf)
- Consumer and Indoor Exposure Assessment for BBP (pdf)
- Environmental Media and General Population and Environmental Exposure for BBP (pdf)
- Environmental Hazard Assessment for BBP (pdf)
- Non-cancer Human Health Hazard Assessment for BBP (pdf)
- Cancer Human Health Hazard Assessment for Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP), Dibutyl Phthalate (DBP), Butyl Benzyl Phthalate (BBP), Diisobutyl Phthalate (DIBP), and Dicyclohexyl Phthalate (DCHP) (pdf)
- Risk Calculator for Occupational Exposures for BBP (xlsx)
- Consumer Risk Calculator for BBP (xlsx)
- Consumer Exposure Analysis for BBP (xlsx)
- Fish Ingestion Risk Calculator for BBP (xlsx)
- Surface Water Human Exposure Risk Calculator for BBP (xlsx)
- Ambient Air Exposure Assessment for BBP (xlsx)
- Occupational and Consumer Cumulative Risk Calculator for BBP (xlsx)
- Meta-analysis and Benchmark Dose Modeling of Fetal Testicular Testosterone for DEHP, DBP, BBP, DIBP, DCHP, and DINP (pdf)
- Technical Support Document for the Cumulative Risk Analysis of DEHP, DBP, BBP, DIBP, DCHP, and DINP Under TSCA (pdf)
- Summary of Facility Release Data for DEHP, DBP, and BBP (xlsx)
- Meta-analysis and Benchmark Dose Modeling of Fetal Testicular Testosterone in the Non-Cancer Human Health Hazard Assessment for DEHP, DBP, BBP, DIBP, and DCHP (pdf)
- Supplemental Information on EPI Suite Modeling Results in the Fate Assessment for BBP (pdf)
- Supplemental Information on Environmental Release Modeling for BBP (pdf)
- Supplemental Information on Occupational Exposure Modeling for BBP (pdf)
- Supplemental Information on Consumer Exposure Modeling for BBP (pdf)
- Supplemental Information on IIOAC Modeling Files in the General Population and Environmental Media Assessment for BBP (pdf)
- Supplemental Information on NHANES Data in the General Population and Environmental Media Assessment for BBP (pdf)
- Supplemental Information on Benchmark Dose Modeling Results in the Human Health Hazard Assessment for BBP (pdf)
- Summary of and Response to External Peer Review on the Risk Evaluations and Technical Support Documents for DEHP, DBP, BBP, DIBP, DCHP, and DINP (pdf)
- Response to Public Comments on the Draft Risk Evaluations for BBP; DBP; DCHP; DEHP; and DIBP (pdf)
- Risk Calculator for Multimedia Environmental Exposures for BBP (xlsx)
Draft Risk Evaluation and Supporting Documents
In August 2025, EPA released the draft risk evaluation for public comment. For more information, please visit the draft risk evaluation webpage.