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  2. Air: Fate, Exposure, and Risk Analysis (FERA)

Residual Risk Report to Congress 1999

This report has been prepared in response to section 112(f)(1) of the Clean Air Act and provides the Congress and the public with a description of the methods and general framework that EPA uses to assess the public health and environmental risk which may remain after implementation of air toxics emissions standards required under section 112(d) of the Clean Air Act. This remaining risk is referred to as “residual risk.” Air toxics, also known as hazardous air pollutants, are those pollutants known or suspected to cause cancer or other adverse health effects to humans or adverse environmental effects. This report also discusses specific issues relevant to the evaluation of residual risk and methods and costs of reducing such risk.

  • Residual Risk Report to Congress, March 1999, EPA-453/R-99-001 (pdf) (2.23 MB)

Air: Fate, Exposure, and Risk Analysis (FERA)

  • Total Risk Integrated Methodology (TRIM)
    • TRIM.FaTE
    • TRIM.Expo
    • TRIM.Risk
    • Peer Review and Publications
  • Multimedia Fate and Transport Modeling
    • TRIM.FaTE
    • Other Models and Related Information
  • Human Exposure Assessment and Modeling
    • Criteria Air Pollutant Exposure Assessment
    • Databases to Support Exposure Modeling
    • Air Pollutants Exposure Model (APEX/ TRIM.Expo Inhalation)
    • Hazardous Air Pollutant Exposure Model (HAPEM)
    • Other Models and Exposure-Related Information
  • Risk Assessment and Modeling
    • Air Toxics Risk Assessment
    • Criteria Air Pollutant Risk Assessment
    • Human Exposure Model (HEM)
    • EPA Risk Assessment Policy, Guidelines, and Related Materials
Contact Us about FERA
Contact Us about FERA to ask a question, provide feedback, or report a problem.
Last updated on February 21, 2025
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