Past Webinars in the Small Drinking Water Systems Series

About Past Small Drinking Water Systems Webinars

Closed-captioned recordings and descriptions of webinars are provided below. Certificates of attendance cannot be provided for viewing webinar recordings. There are additional recordings 2015-2021 webinars and of broadcast sessions from EPA's Annual Drinking Water Workshop on the Small Drinking Water Systems Webinar Series webpage.

On this page:

2025 Webinars

• Funding Resources: Lead Service Line Replacement and Emerging Contaminants
• Lead Chemistry, Communication, and Local Engagement Webinar
• Disinfection Byproducts: Inorganic Chloramine
• Emergency Response: Drinking Water Supply Planning and Treatment Technology Deployment

2024 Webinars

• Lead Reduction Updates and LSL Identification and Replacement
• PFAS: Rule Implementation and Treatment
• PFAS: National Primary Drinking Water Regulation, Occurrence, Analytics, and Risk Communications
• Consolidation, Partnerships, and Regionalization
• Drinking Water System Resilience
• Inorganics Treatment: Arsenic and Nitrate
• Technical Assistance for Lead
• PFAS Drinking Water Regulation and Treatment Methods
• Algal Toxin Rule and Harmful Algal Blooms in Urban Environments
• Lead Service Line Inventory Guidance
• Tools, Training, and Technical Assistance to Increase Water System Resilience

2023 Webinars

• Risk, Crisis, and General Communication
• UCMR 5 Webinar with Spotlight Talk on EPA's Fraud Awareness
• Cybersecurity
• Wildfire Impacts on Drinking Water
• Bipartisan Infrastructure Law
• Harmful Algal Blooms and Algal Toxins
• Manganese Interference and Management
• Lead and Copper: Service Lines and Corrosion
• Pathogens: Microbial Disinfection Byproducts and Storage Tanks

2022 Webinars

• Power Resilience and Secure Water Treatment Chemicals
• Lead Service Lines: Identification and Replacement
• Source Water Protection and Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)
• Very Small Drinking Water Systems

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2025 Webinars

Funding Resources: Lead Service Line Replacement and Emerging Contaminants

Moderator: Alex Horansky, EPA Office of Water

1. Funding for States to Support Lead Service Line Replacements and Addressing Emerging Contaminants

Presenter: Keelan Baldwin, EPA Office of Water. The Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF)—a federal-state partnership between EPA and states—can help communities improve their drinking water infrastructure by replacing lead service lines (LSLs) and reducing exposure to emerging contaminants, including PFAS. The Infrastructure Investments and Jobs Act (IIJA) provides $15 billion in funding specifically for replacing LSLs and $4 billion to address emerging contaminants in drinking water. IIJA provides an additional $11.7 billion in general-purpose funding through the DWSRF, which can also be used for lead pipe replacement, emerging contaminants, or other drinking water infrastructure projects. This presentation provided an overview of the DWSRF, discussed borrower and project eligibilities for LSL identification and replacement, and covered eligibilities for emerging contaminants in drinking water.

2. Grant Funding for Public Water Systems to Address Emerging Contaminants in Small or Disadvantaged Communities

Presenter: Lida Daly, EPA Office of Water. The Emerging Contaminants in Small or Disadvantaged Communities (EC-SDC) grant program appropriated $5 billion of non-competitive funding awards over five years for states, territories, and Tribes to improve drinking water quality. The grants empower them to better support their eligible communities in addressing emerging contaminants, including PFAS. This presentation  provided an overview of the EC-SDC grant program, including project and community eligibilities and examples. 

Lead Chemistry, Communication, and Local Engagement

Moderators: Thomas Speth and Michelle Latham, EPA Office of Research and Development

1. Lead Chemistry 101

Presenter: Simoni Triantafyllidou, EPA Office of Research and Development. This presentation provides an overview of lead corrosion and release basics. It covers corrosion oxidation-reduction, scale formation, solubility, and important factors affecting lead release into drinking water. A longer corrosion refresher is available online to watch at your own pace: 2021 EPA Corrosion Training.

2. Lead and Galvanized Iron Pipe Scales

Presenter: Mike DeSantis, EPA Office of Research and Development. The analysis of the surface of extracted lead-bearing plumbing materials can accurately identify the solid phases on the pipe surfaces, and thus give insight into the mechanisms that govern solubility and metal release. This presentation describes the steps taken by US EPA’s ORD to obtain scale samples, prepare them for analysis, and the types of information that can be collected from various analytical techniques. Several case studies illustrate how solids analyses can assist in the decision-making process for consultants and water system personnel, including limitations in both the methodology and interpretation of resulting data.

3. Corrosion Control Methods and Approach

Presenter: Jennifer Tully, EPA Office of Research and Development. This presentation reviews best practices for starting and maintaining corrosion control treatment (CCT). CCT does not act alone but must be considered in concert with all water treatments that impact the water quality. Considerations for when to review CCT and how to gather useful system and water quality data are also discussed.

4. Ohio's Lead Strategy and Local Engagement Toolkit

Presenter: Justin Burke, Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. Ohio has been working to put together a cohesive strategy and local engagement toolkit to help the state succeed with an issue that requires successful communication and partnership between the public and water systems: lead service line replacement. This presentation covers a summary of what we learned and how it could be applied for water systems. In addition, we display some of the items from our toolkit that were designed to assist small public water systems with communication of lead service line replacement activities.

5. Communicating About Lead: Michigan's 1/5 Sampling, Lead/Galvanized Service Lines, and Public Advisories

Presenter: Aislinn Deely, Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy. Changes to the lead and copper provisions of the Michigan’s Safe Drinking Water Act have improved knowledge about the risk of lead in Michigan’s drinking water. Focusing compliance sampling on lead service lines, including a 5th liter sample, and inventorying all service line materials have increased overall transparency and collaboration in communicating with water systems and their customers about lead in drinking water.

Disinfection Byproducts: Inorganic Chloramine

Moderator: Thomas Speth, EPA Office of Research and Development

1. Advancing the Story of Inorganic Chloramine Decomposition and Identifying Chloronitramide Anion

Presenters: Dave Wahman, EPA Office of Research and Development and Julian Fairey, University of Arkansas. This presentation discusses research that has expanded our knowledge of inorganic chloramine decomposition chemistry. Initially, the research identified the "unidentified intermediate" of chloramine decomposition as nitroxyl, leading to an updated understanding of dichloramine decomposition and a revised pathway for N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation in chloraminated drinking water. Next, the research identified the "unidentified product" of chloramine decomposition, which was first reported to exist over 40 years ago, as chloronitramide anion. Chloronitramide anion is expected to form in all chloraminated drinking waters at concentrations in the low to mid μg/L range (i.e., 10s-100s) because it results from inherent chloramine instability; therefore, an external precursor chemical is not required for chloronitramide anion formation. Finally, chloronitramide anion was detected in 40 samples from 10 chloraminated drinking water systems in the US, but not from ultrapure water or water treated without chlorine. This work summarizes results from three recently published research articles: One in Science and two in Environmental Science & Technology.

Emergency Response: Drinking Water Supply Planning and Treatment Technology Deployment

Moderators: Thomas Speth and Michelle Latham, EPA Office of Research and Development

1. Planning for an Emergency Drinking Water Supply

Presenter: Jessica Habashy, EPA Office of Water. During an incident that disrupts the availability of drinking water on a large-scale or regional basis, clarity in the roles and responsibilities of those involved with locating, securing, and delivering an emergency drinking water supply (EDWS) will be critical. An EDWS is alternate drinking water supply (e.g., bottled/bulk water) provided to residents when a community’s drinking water utility can no longer treat and/or distribute water. Provision of an EDWS involves the development of an emergency drinking water plan by a local water utility and also involves the collaboration and partnership between various levels of local government. This presentation discussed how small drinking water utilities can develop an EDWS plan and coordinate with other local partners to provide emergency drinking water when there is a disaster.

2. Portable Treatment System to Provide Drinking Water During Emergencies

Presenter: James Goodrich, EPA Office of Research and Development. Following an emergency event, communities need access to clean water for drinking, cooking, cleaning, and medical triage. EPA researchers partnered with the nonprofit organization, WaterStep, to develop a modular, mobile water treatment system known as Water on Wheels– Emergency Mobile Water Treatment System (WOW Cart). This presentation discussed this inexpensive and versatile water treatment system that’s about the size of a shopping cart. It is configured with multiple treatment technologies and is equipped with alternative power sources. The system is easy to operate and can be deployed to critical infrastructure ahead of oncoming natural events to build resiliency.

2024 Small Drinking Water Systems Webinars

Lead Reduction Updates and Lead Service Line (LSL) Identification and Replacement

Moderators: Thomas Speth, EPA Office of Research and Development 

1. EPA Lead Reduction in Drinking Water Updates

Presenter: Kira Smith, EPA Office of Water. This presentation includes an overview of EPA’s multipronged approach to reducing lead in drinking water according to the 2021 Lead Pipe and Paint Action Plan, including regulations and other programs we have. For the retained elements of the 2021 Lead and Copper Rule Revisions (LCRR), this presentation summarizes guidance and tools available to assist systems and states to meet these requirements. Lastly, this presentation provides an overview of the 2023 Final Lead and Copper Rule Improvements (LCRI).

2. Technical Assistance Project on LSL Identification (LSLID)

Presenter: Simoni Triantafyllidou, EPA Office of Research and Development. In direct support of the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) Emerging Contaminants funding authorized by Congress through the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act of 2021, P.L. 117-58, also known as the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, EPA researchers will be providing communities with technical support for identifying LSLs. This presentation discusses current ORD efforts, latest findings, and opportunities for collaboration on LSLID.

3. New and Emerging Technologies for LSLID

Presenter: Jennifer Murray, Tennessee Department of Environmental Conservation. Emerging technologies have the potential to enhance the ability of drinking water systems to accurately identify the composition of service lines and reduce associated costs. The search for non-invasive methods such as those based on electrical resistance, acoustic and stress wave propagation/attenuation, and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) methods are now being evaluated to determine the composition of buried service line pipes without digging. These approaches are relatively new to the drinking water field and are still being satisfactorily demonstrated and optimized for use to identify service line composition. Advanced imaging techniques, including x-ray fluorescence (XRF) and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) may offer more potential with precise identification of materials such as lead, copper, and plastic in service lines. These innovative technologies have the potential to transform service line identification. As these technologies improve and become more readily available, State regulators should consider implementing standards for use. This presentation reviews new methods for identifying service line materials. Additionally, an update on the development of a reference guide for approving emerging service line material identification being developed by a state regulator workgroup is shared.

4. Predictive Modeling for LSLID Using Machine Learning Tools

Presenters: Brian Dyson, and Caleb Buahin, EPA Office of Research and Development. Water systems face an assorted array of technologies and approaches promising to facilitate the cost-effective identification and remediation of legacy lead service lines that are still present in water systems across the country. Predictive modeling using geostatistical, machine learning, and artificial intelligence approaches more broadly are one category of tools that are being proposed and implemented to fulfill the LCRR mandated service line inventory and for guiding remediation in a more targeted and cost-effective fashion. This presentation provides an unbiased and scientifically-based responses to common questions that often arise when utilizing these approaches, including the following: 1) How much data are needed to develop and validate these models?, 2) What types of data are needed to develop these models?, 3) How do I obtain the data needed to develop and validate these models?, 4) How do I assess the performance of these models in identifying lead service lines?, 5) What is the true cost of setting up these models compared to other lead identifications approaches?, and 6) How can these models can be leveraged in practice to guide the remediation process?

5. Water Sampling for LSLID

Presenter: Christine Devine, EPA Office of Research and Development. Water sampling can be a relatively simple and cost-effective approach to identify LSLs compared to other existing methods. This presentation outlines established drinking water sampling methods including sequential profile sampling, first draw sampling, flushed sampling, random daytime sampling, manual composite sampling, and passive (POU device) sampling, that could be used to identify LSLs within a water system depending on their corrosion control and water chemistry. It also discusses how sampling approaches can provide information on the impact of other LSL identification methods on water quality, particularly when a disturbance occurs.

PFAS: Rule Implementation and Treatment

Moderators, Kevin Letterly, ASDWA and Andrew Pizzala, EPA Office of Water

1. PFAS Treatment Requirements in New Jersey

Presenter: Corey Stevenson, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. This presentation covers the New Jersey PFAS treatment requirements for water systems, including information on the state’s temporary treatment application process. The common construction permit application deficiencies under a technical review, and pilot study requirements are also covered.

2. PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation Implementation in Kentucky

Presenter: Jackie Logsdon, Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet. This presentation covers the PFAS rule implementation process in Kentucky. Current efforts to provide assistance to water systems with sampling, meeting initial monitoring requirements, and identifying other needs will be discussed. Further discussion includes the powdered activated carbon jar testing project that is underway and strategies to help systems identify the best treatment option.

3. Decision Trees for PFAS Mitigation Selection: What to do After PFAS Exceedances Detection

Presenter: Jasmina Markovski, Arizona Department of Environmental Quality. The Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ) has developed a tool in the form of decision trees to assist public water systems in making informed decisions to determine the most suitable non-treatment and treatment alternatives for mitigating PFAS. This tool provides step-by-step guidance on what information to collect, what screening tests to perform, and how to select the most technically viable mitigation alternative for a specific situation. Specifically, Tree 1 prioritizes consideration of non-treatment alternatives first, such as connecting to a nearby water utility, developing a new source, or blending sources, since these alternatives typically require lower capital investments and reduced operation and maintenance costs. If not treating is not possible for the utility, then Tree 2 helps with the general selection of best available treatment options. Trees 3 through 5 then help further analyze the use of each type of treatment (GAC, IX, and RO). Finally, Tree 6 evaluates simultaneous compliance and applies to both non-treatment and all three treatment options. ADEQ recommends using this tool very early in the planning stages, after PFAS exceedances are detected and when a system is starting to consider compliance options and conceptual design, in order to set the foundation for the future steps of evaluation of the selected alternative, cost analysis, detailed design, and eventually permitting. The purpose of this tool is not to require one specific approach, but to support systems in determining the most appropriate path forward.

4. PFAS Breakthrough and NOM Effects from Pilot-Scale AEX Columns

Presenter: Samantha Smith, EPA Office of Research and Development. This presentation provides insight into the effects of natural organic matter (NOM) on PFAS removal by anion exchange resins. Pilot-scale fixed-bed columns with PFA694E (a strong-base, gel resin) were used to observe PFAS breakthrough with and without NOM at four empty bed contact times (EBCTs; 0.5-, 1.0-, 1.5-, and 2.5- min) with stable influent conditions of known water quality. An ion exchange column model (IEX-CM) was applied for parameter optimization and simulating PFAS effluent concentrations for comparison with experimental data. Apparent non-adsorptive removal of GenX with increasing EBCT and in the absence of NOM will also be discussed.

5. EPA’s Open-Source Treatment Performance Modeling Tools for PFAS Treatment

Presenter: Jonathan Burkhardt, EPA Office of Research and Development. This presentation highlights EPA’s freely available open-source treatment performance modeling tools for granular activated carbon (GAC) and ion exchange (IX) treatment unit operations. The functionality and capabilities of each of the available tools will be highlighted and discussed with an emphasis on predicting the removal of Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). AdDesignS is a graphical user interface (GUI) for modeling GAC treatment, and two new GUIs for IX and GAC will be discussed. Advanced modeling capabilities with Python-based functions will also be highlighted, which includes automatic data fitting from pilot results for GAC applications. This talk highlights the availability of these tools, where to find the models and some associated data that the models need.

PFAS: National Primary Drinking Water Regulation, Occurrence, Analytics, and Risk Communications

Moderators: Thomas Speth and Michelle Latham, EPA Office of Research and Development

1. PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation: Initial Monitoring Requirements and EPA-State Implementation Workgroup

Presenter: James Hogan, EPA Office of Water. As the PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation (NPDWR) was being finalized in April of 2024, OGWDW initiated an EPA-State Implementation Workgroup to collaborate on the development of implementation products. The workgroup consists of 11 states and territories, all 10 EPA regions and the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA). The charge for the workgroup is to identify and prioritize needed PFAS implementation products, including training, and provide input and review of these products. Early focus for the workgroup has been on products to support the development of primacy revision application packages and extension agreements, and requirements for initial monitoring. This presentation closes by discussing the initial monitoring products highlighting the PFAS NPDWR requirements, and flexibility to help ensure successful completion of this requirement by the start of compliance monitoring in April of 2027.

2. EPA Drinking Water PFAS Analytical Methods and the PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation

Presenter: William Adams, EPA Office of Water. Recently, U. S. governments at various levels have proposed or implemented regulatory programs for PFAS contaminants in drinking water, including the April 2024 U.S. EPA release of the PFAS NPDWR. To meet these regulatory compliance requirements, laboratories must use analytical methods that can accurately and precisely measure PFAS. The development of these analytical methods includes quantitation of PFAS at concentrations that meet the needs of the regulatory programs and also attempting to minimize burden and sources of error associated with the methods while still meeting quality control criteria appropriate for drinking water methods. EPA's Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water (OGWDW) and Office of Research and Development (ORD) have a history of drinking water analytical method development for both regulated and unregulated contaminants, including the PFAS EPA Methods 533 and 537.1. This presentation focuses on these EPA PFAS drinking water analytical methods and their use within the recently promulgated final PFAS NPDWR.

3. Implementing a Proactive PFAS Program Using "Emerging Contaminants in Small or Disadvantaged Communities" Grant Funding

Presenter: Sara Konrad, Arizona Department of Environmental Quality. Through the Emerging Contaminants in Small or Disadvantaged Communities (ES-SDC) Grant Program, the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ) is assisting communities with cost-effective, appropriate and sustainable approaches for removing PFAS from drinking water. These may include well rehabilitation or a new water source, interconnection or consolidation, or, as a last resort, treatment. To further assist small or disadvantaged communities receiving this assistance, ADEQ is reducing barriers to utilize these funds by contracting directly with design engineers and construction contractors leveraging state contracts. This presentation discusses these processes, lessons learned and the status of current projects funded through this grant. It also provides an overview of future technical tools to be developed, including PFAS cost models and guidance on PFAS treatment residual disposal options, and information about where states can find these resources for their own use.

4. Broad-Spectrum PFAS Study to Characterize the Class of PFAS in California

Presenter: Erica Kalve, California Water Resources Control Board. The California State Water Resources Control Board, in collaboration with U.S. EPA's ORD, conducted a PFAS method comparison study to evaluate the presence of unknown PFAS that have been detected in California’s drinking water. The method comparison study included the collection of samples from nine public water supply wells. Samples were analyzed using a suite of broad-spectrum analytical techniques including adsorbable organic fluorine (AOF) by combustion ion chromatography (CIC) (AOF-CIC), extractable organic fluorine (EOF) by CIC (EOF-CIC), non-targeted analysis (NTA) using high-resolution mass spectrometry, and other techniques that are primarily available through academic partnerships. In addition to field sample analysis, the study evaluated the fate of analytical reference materials in AOF-CIC and EOF-CIC. This represented a range of organic fluorine compounds including ultrashort-chain, volatile, and cationic PFAS at various concentrations. The results of the study indicate that AOF-CIC captured a broad organic fluorine chemical space while also minimizing interference from inorganic fluorine compounds. The study also identified other analytical methods that are useful to further characterize PFAS chemical space in environmental samples. The results of this study support a multi-year effort to sample nearly 4,000 public water supply wells serving disadvantaged communities that will be analyzed for targeted PFAS, AOF-CIC, and supplemental analyses including NTA and ultrashort-chain PFAS. Ultimately, the goal is to develop a monitoring program for community public water systems that account for the class of PFAS and assess the health impacts of those PFAS not being removed by conventional treatment technologies.

5. Communicating Risks and Engaging Communities on PFAS

Presenter: Alycia Overbo, Minnesota Department of Health. This presentation discusses how the Minnesota Department of Health has worked with public water systems, communities, and staff to support risk communication about PFAS in drinking water. Approaches and strategies used for public meeting planning, staff training, messaging, and education and outreach are covered. The presentation also touches on the resources developed to increase awareness and understanding among consumers on the contaminants, their levels in drinking water, and their health risks.

Consolidation, Partnerships, and Regionalization

Moderator: Alex Horansky, EPA Office of Water

1. Mapping the Nations Community Water Systems: Linking Drinking Water Data to Consumers

Presenter: Andrew Murray, EPA Office of Research and Development. EPA recently released a national geospatial dataset of community water system service areas. This dataset allows for the accurate linkage between drinking water providers and their associated consumers, opening a wide range of potential applications. This presentation covers the development of the datasetꟷincluding data collection, machine learning methods, and evaluationꟷand demonstrates how to access the data and how it can be integrated into other areas of research. Plans for updating this dataset going forward and strategies to improve drinking water research are also discussed.

2. Drinking Water consolidations and Partnerships in California: Evolving Solutions to Achieve the Human Right to Water

Presenter: Chad Fischer, California State Water Resources Control Board. The California State Water Board, through the Safe and Affordable Funding or Equity and Resilience (SAFER) program, harnesses a set of tools, funding sources, and regulatory authorities to help struggling water systems sustainably and affordably provide safe drinking water. The SAFER program uses data to identify need and guide decision making on sustainable drinking water solutions, while direct engagement and partnership ensure solutions best meet the needs of each unique community. This presentation discusses how data, direct engagement, and a breadth of experience create feasible consolidation solutions that offer the highest levels of water system sustainability and resilience. Where physical consolidation is impractical, increased creativity is needed to include managerial consolidation, regionally governed water districts, formal partnerships, and more.

Drinking Water System Resilience

Moderator: Thomas Speth, EPA Office of Research and Development

1. America's Water Infrastructure Act Section 2013

Presenter: Charlene Kormondy, EPA Office of Water. America's Water Infrastructure Act (AWIA) section 2013 amended the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) section 1433 with an aim of increasing water system resilience to disasters. This presentation provides an overview of the law, which requires community drinking water systems (CWS) serving more than 3,300 people to conduct or review and revise risk and resilience assessments (RRAs) and emergency response plans (ERPs) and certify to EPA that they have done so by specified deadlines every five years, next occurring throughout 2025 and 2026. This presentation highlights EPA’s Very Small Drinking Water and Wastewater System Resilience Continuing Education Unit (CEU) Program, which encourages utilities not covered by SDWA 1433 to develop a RRA and ERP with a participating technical assistance provider and, if allowed by their state or tribal operator certification program, get CEU credit for their work.

2. Water Laboratory Alliance’s Resources to Improve Contamination Incident Resilience

Presenter: Peter Roumeliotis, EPA Office of Water. EPA’s Water Laboratory Alliance (WLA) brings together environmental laboratories into a nationwide network to serve the water sector. It provides mutual aid, support, and increased analytical capabilities to improve the water sector’s resilience and ability to respond to all-hazards contamination incidents. WLA also offers free tools and resources to educate water sector stakeholders on best practices to prepare for successful and timely incident responses. This presentation highlights the role of the WLA in contamination response and describes some key resources that will help small systems to update and improve their RRAs and ERPs.

Inorganics Treatment: Arsenic and Nitrate

Moderator: Michelle Latham, EPA Office of Research and Development

1. Biological Nitrate Treatment: Innovations and Challenges

Presenter: Asher Keithley, EPA Office of Research and Development. This presentation focuses on a biological nitrate treatment pilot study conducted at a water treatment plant. The study used an innovative denitrification system and nitrogen gas sparging to lower dissolved oxygen concentration, and it sometimes achieved complete denitrification. This discussion also focuses on the challenges of matching the acetic acid feed to a variable influent nitrate concentration and addressing clogging by bacterial flocs. The treatment approach showed promise; however, reactor design enhancements are needed to bring this technology to small systems.

2. Arsenic Refresher

Presenter: Simoni Triantafyllidou, EPA Office of Research and Development. This presentation provides an overview of arsenic chemistry and treatment considerations. Arsenic accumulation in the distribution system and potential release back to the water are also discussed, based on retrospective data analysis from EPA’s arsenic demonstration program.

3. An Arsenic Case Study in California: Oasis Mobile Home Park

Presenter: Maria Alberty, EPA Region 9. This presentation provides an overview of EPA Region 9’s enforcement case with Oasis Mobile Home Park for violation of the Arsenic Rule. Key topics include enforcement, technical conditions, and community and stakeholder engagement. The unique challenges and successes of trying to bring a small public water system back into compliance are also discussed.

Technical Assistance for Lead

Moderator: Kara Goodwin, EPA Office of Water

1. Lead Service Line (LSL) Identification, Replacement Planning, Community Engagement, and Funding Technical Assistance Programs

Presenters: Andrew Pizzala and Alex Horansky, EPA Office of Water. This presentation includes an overview of how EPA Water Technical Assistance (EPA WaterTA) can support communities with their efforts to achieve clean, safe, and reliable drinking water. It then dives into two of EPA WaterTA’s programs focusing on the removal and replacement of  LSLs: the Lead Service Line Replacement Accelerators Program and the Get the Lead Out (GLO) Initiative. Information on how communities can request WaterTA are also shared.

2. Service Line Inventory Technical Assistance for Small Community and Non-Community Water Systems in Wisconsin

Presenter: Ann Hirekatur, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Nearly 2,000 public water systems in Wisconsin, over 90% of which serve a population of 3,330 consumers or less, are regulated by the Lead and Copper Rule and the Lead and Copper Rule Revisions. Many of these small public water systems do not have staff with the technical expertise required to complete a service line inventory, nor the financial resources required to hire someone. This presentation provides an overview of Wisconsin DNR’s approach to providing service line technical assistance to small community and non-community public water systems. The multi-pronged approach includes hiring limited-term employees to conduct on-site materials inspections at non-transient non-community water systems, and hiring a contractor to provide individual on-site assistance with records review to hundreds of small community public water systems. Successes so far, lessons learned, and collaborative partnerships are highlighted.

PFAS Drinking Water Regulation and Treatment Methods

Moderator: Thomas Speth, EPA Office of Research and Development

1. Overview of EPA’s Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation (NPDWR)

Presenter: Ashley Greene, EPA Office of Water. This presentation provides an overview of the final PFAS NPDWR, including the key regulatory requirements and timing for water systems and drinking water primacy agencies to comply with these requirements, background on the regulation development, and funding information to support rule implementation.

2. Removal of PFAS Compounds from Drinking Water: Fundamentals and Applications

Presenter: Nicholas Dugan, EPA Office of Research and Development. This presentation focuses on the three treatment processes designated as best available technologies for PFAS removal from drinking water: granular activated carbon (GAC), ion exchange (IX), and membranes (NF/RO). There is a brief discussion on the fundamentals of each process followed by basic considerations of process selection, process design, and costing.

Algal Toxin Rule and Harmful Algal Blooms in Urban Environments

Moderator: Sandhya Parishonikar, EPA Office of Research and Development

1. Establishing an Algal Toxin Rule and Regulatory Program in Rhode Island, an Informal Case Study

Presenter: Shannon Harrower-Nakama, Rhode Island Department of Health. As the severity and impact of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) increasingly pose risk to human health, one frequent topic of discussion is when and/or how to adopt regulations accordingly, and in what capacity. The numerous factors that require consideration – agency jurisdiction, criteria thresholds, balancing bloom/toxin prioritization, the need for programmatic support, etc. – can be challenging barriers to address without the established federal counterparts that are in place for many other drinking water rules and programs. In 2019, Rhode Island was one of the earliest states to establish a HAB/cyanotoxin rule in the state public drinking water regulations, which also required the development of surrounding program infrastructure. This presentation serves as a brief, small-scale case study of a state-level Algal Toxin program from its inception onward, including topics such as an overview of the rule’s regulatory language, toxin selection and health limits, implementation, challenges, and other resources/information.

2. Insights on HABs Dynamics in Urban Lakes and Introduction to Benthic Sample Preparation

Presenters: Heath Mash and Toby Sanan, EPA Office of Research and Development. Algae are a natural component of aquatic ecosystems; however, when present in large quantities as "blooms", they can pose a significant potential threat to human and ecological health. These harmful algal blooms (HABs) are often composed of microorganisms known as cyanobacteria, some of which have the potential to produce toxins that can cause adverse health effects in humans and animals through the contamination of waterways used for recreational purposes and as drinking water supplies. HABs are understudied in the urban environment. This presentation discusses the investigation of urban lakes in three metropolitan areas to determine if there are parameters that are unique to these lakes and investigate the correlation between urban watershed characteristics and cyanobacterial HABs.

Lead Service Line Inventory Guidance

Moderator: Andrew Pizzala, EPA Office of Water

1. EPA Lead Service Line Inventory Guidance

Presenters: Melanie Bolden and Holly Young, EPA Office of Water. Developing a lead service line (LSL) inventory and identifying the location of LSLs is the first step for beginning LSL replacement and protecting public health. This presentation walks through the EPA’s Guidance for Developing and Maintaining  a Lead Service Line Inventory. The guidance provides support for the service line inventory requirements according to the 2021 Lead & Copper Rule Revisions, referred to as LCRR.

2. Colorado Lead Service Line Inventory Guidance

Presenters: Melanie Criswell, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment; Haley Orahood, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment; and Chad Seidel, Corona Environmental Consulting, LLC. This presentation covers Colorado’s initial service line inventory guidance policy, which builds on EPA’s LSL inventories guidance document. Colorado water systems requested a policy to formalize requirements and expectations related to issues such as calling galvanized lines non-lead, statistical modeling, and non-lead cutoff dates. Colorado discusses some of state specific policy decisions on the initial service line inventory and potential Lead and Copper Rule Improvements impacts.

Tools, Training, and Technical Assistance to Increase Water System Resilience

Moderator: Alex Horansky, EPA Office of Water

1. Creating Resilient Water Utilities

Presenters: Nash Keyes and Aliza Furneaux, EPA Office of Water. Climate change impacts pose an immediate and long-term threat to the continuity of wastewater, stormwater, and drinking water utility operations and water supplies. To reduce the risks associated with climate-related hazards, EPA's Creating Resilient Water Utilities (CRWU) initiative provides training, tools, and technical assistance designed to educate the water sector on climate science and adaptation options. This presentation highlights the Resilient Strategies Guide, an application that guides water utility owners and operators through identifying adaptation strategies to address their climate resilience priorities. This tool is useful for utilities of any size and at any stage of their climate adaptation planning process. This session will also preview other CRWU resources, including the Climate Resilience Evaluation and Awareness Tool, Climate and Weather Data Maps, and Environmental Justice StoryMap. This presentation communicates the real-world challenges and successes of utilities in adapting to the impacts of climate change and focus on CRWU’s efforts to provide technical assistance to small water systems through a utility case study.

2. EPA's Water Network Tool for Resilience (WNTR)

Presenter: Terra Haxton, EPA Office of Research and Development. Drinking water utilities face multiple challenges, including aging infrastructure, water quality concerns, pipe breaks, uncertainty in supply and demand, natural disasters, environmental emergencies, and terrorist attacks. All of these have the potential to disrupt service to customers and damage critical infrastructure. Increasing resilience to these types of hazards is essential to improving water security. Simulation and analysis tools can help water utilities predict how their system will respond to expected, and unexpected, incidents and help inform decisions to make water distribution systems more resilient over time. EPA, in partnership with Sandia National Laboratories, developed the Water Network Tool for Resilience (WNTR), an open source Python package, to integrate critical aspects of resilience modeling for water distribution networks into a single software framework. WNTR can help water utilities investigate the resilience of their water systems to a wide range of hazardous scenarios and evaluate emergency response actions and long-term resilience‐enhancing strategies. The software estimates potential damages from disaster scenarios; predicts how damage to infrastructure would occur over time; evaluates preparedness strategies; prioritizes response actions; and identifies worse case scenarios, efficient repair strategies, and best practices for maintenance and operations. This presentation provides an overview of WNTR along with a few case study applications.

2023 Small Drinking Water Systems Webinars

Risk, Crisis, and General Communication

Moderator: Michelle Latham, EPA Office of Research and Development

1. Conversations With Customers: What We’ve Learned From Talking With Them

Presenter: Brenda Culler, Cleveland Water. While Cleveland Water has more than 25 years of sampling records that show its water is consistently well below the federal action level for lead, it is the largest public water system in Ohio and has almost 25% of the state’s total estimated lead service lines (LSLs). Since funding become available for LSLRs, they have been developing and implementing a proactive LSLR Program using adaptive management principles to create long-term success while working within the requirements of changing federal and state laws. This presentation will highlight lessons learned from talking with customers during LSLRs, phone calls to both Cleveland Water Department’s phone lines dedicated to lead and water quality inquires, and presentations about water.

2. Drinking Water Risk Communication Toolkit

Presenter: Alycia Overbo, Minnesota Department of Health. With many emerging issues facing drinking water and societal changes in how we access and share information, communicating about drinking water and public health risks can be challenging. This presentation discusses practical tools and resources used in Minnesota to help public water systems communicate about risk with their customers, including the Drinking Risk Communication Toolkit, and will include examples of how the toolkit has been used and future areas of expansion.

3. EPA Flint Water Response: Risk Communication Case Study

Presenter: Diane Russell, EPA Region 5. This presentation will highlight EPA’s drinking water response in Flint, Michigan, including the communication challenges. EPA’s engagement strategy will also be discussed.

UCMR 5 Webinar with Spotlight Talk on EPA's Fraud Awareness

Moderator: Thomas Speth, EPA Office of Research and Development

1. Update on the Fifth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 5)

Presenter: Kelsey Dailey, EPA Office of Water. The U.S. EPA's Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR) provides national occurrence data for unregulated contaminants in public drinking water to protect public health and support future regulatory decisions. UCMR 5 requires monitoring for 29 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and lithium by over 10,300 public water systems between January 2023 and December 2025. This presentation provides an overview of the UCMR 5 program and monitoring requirements for water systems, information on data access, resources for understanding the data, and a summary of the UCMR 5 results to date.

2. EPA Fraud Awareness

Presenter: Jake Hardesty, EPA Office of the Inspector General. This presentation covers an Introduction to EPA’s Office of Inspector General, IIJA Funding, the State Revolving Fund, Fraud Awareness, and Whistleblower information.

3. PFAS Drinking Water Methods: Past, Present, and Future

Presenter: Dan Tettenhorst, EPA Office of Research and Development. This presentation briefly outlines the history of EPA drinking water method development for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), including Methods 533 and 537.1, currently in use under UCMR 5. The presentation also previews efforts underway to address the unique challenges of total PFAS analysis.

Cybersecurity

Moderator: Andrew Pizzala, EPA Office of Water

1. Tools and Resources to Help Your Small Systems Build Cyber Resilience

Presenter: Nushat Thomas, EPA Office of Water. This presentation provided utilities with information on freely available resources and funding opportunities that utilities can take advantage of to reduce the threat of cyber attacks.

2. Water Distribution System Operational Technology Cybersecurity Research at the Water Security Test Bed

Presenter: Jeff Szabo, EPA Office of Research and Development. This presentation discussed EPA’s first-of-its-scale water security test bed, which replicates a section of a typical municipal drinking water piping system. This EPA-developed test bed evaluates infrastructure and premise plumbing decontamination technologies and mobile emergency water treatment systems. Future research will focus on prevention, mitigation, and quick return-to-service of distribution system operational technology hardware and software compromised by cyber attacks.

Wildfire Impacts on Drinking Water

Moderator: Thomas Speth, EPA Office of Research and Development

1. Wildfire Implications for Drinking Water Systems

Presenter: Amanda Hohner, Montana State University. The rise in wildfire activity in municipal watersheds has created new uncertainties, unprecedented challenges, and substantial costs for drinking water utilities. Source water quality can be highly variable and dramatically altered following fire, which can challenge water treatment process performance. The results of several projects in collaboration with water providers are discussed with particular emphasis on dissolved organic matter character and treatability, as well as disinfection byproduct formation. Lastly, a new transdisciplinary project with the overarching goal of increasing water system resiliency to wildfire is discussed.

2. Wildfires Can Increase Drinking Water Contamination: Nitrate, Arsenic, and Disinfection Byproducts

Presenters: Michael Pennino and Jana Compton, EPA Office of Research and Development. Wildfires are a concern for water quality in the United States, particularly in the wildland-urban interface of populous areas. On average, in the contiguous United States, wildfires are associated with an increase in drinking water concentrations and maximum contaminant level violations for nitrate, disinfection byproducts, and arsenic and it can take several years for impacted systems to recover. This presentation discusses these issues and how the impact of wildfires on drinking water is regionally important, with larger impacts in certain locations or no impacts in other locations, which may be attributed to other factors, such as the use of drinking water treatment or the type of land use.

Bipartisan Infrastructure Law

Moderator: Thomas Speth, EPA Office of Research and Development

1. EPA Water Technical Assistance Opportunities

Presenter: Bev Vazquez, EPA Office of Water. All communities deserve access to safe, clean, and reliable water. Yet too many communities across America—rural, urban, and suburban, small and large—face challenges in providing safe drinking water, wastewater, and stormwater services to their residents. EPA's free water technical assistance supports communities to identify water challenges; develop plans; build technical, financial, and managerial capacity; and develop application materials to access water infrastructure funding. This webinar highlights EPA’s water technical assistance opportunities and how to request assistance.

2. Supporting the Selection and Implementation of Technologies to Remove PFAS from Drinking Water and from Treatment Residuals

Presenter: Nicholas Dugan, EPA Office of Research and Development. EPA is initiating a program designed to support public drinking water systems as they select and implement technologies to remove PFAS from drinking water and from drinking water treatment residuals. A major portion of this effort involves partnering with water systems to provide piloting, sampling, analytical, and optimization support. This assistance can be provided for pilot-scale, temporary full-scale, or recently installed full-scale permanent treatment units. This webinar highlights this program and how the information gained from these interactions will be used to assist the partner systems and to develop case studies, treatment performance models, and cost models that will be freely accessible to systems nationwide with similar water qualities.

3. Applied Research and Technical Assistance Project on Lead Service Line Identification Technologies

Presenter: Darren Lytle, EPA Office of Research and Development. EPA has initiated research to evaluate commercially available and emerging technologies that can be used by communities to determine where lead service lines are located. This project is intended to fill data gaps related to technology performance, accuracy, costs, and ease of use, and help communities move toward the goal of removing all lead pipes across the United States over the next decade. This webinar highlights this effort and how researchers will develop the information and tools needed by states, Tribes, and public water systems to select and implement technologies that rapidly identify LSLs, build accurate inventories, and cost-effectively leverage available Drinking Water State Revolving Fund monies authorized under the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act to replace them.

Harmful Algal Blooms and Algal Toxins

Moderator: Andrew Pizzala, EPA Office of Water

1. HAB Technical Assistance in El Salvador

Presenter: Tom Waters, EPA Office of Water. This presentation provides an overview of technical assistance provided to the Government of El Salvador’s drinking water agency, ANDA in 2020 due to a harmful algal bloom that caused widespread taste and odor complaints in El Salvador’s capital city of San Salvador. Tom Waters, of EPA’s Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water’s Technical Support Center traveled to San Salvador in February 2020 (just before the pandemic) to conduct an initial assessment of San Salvador’s surface water treatment plant and related drinking water infrastructure, meet with ANDA representatives and operators, and provide technical assistance related to HABs. El Salvador is a U.S. trade partner as a member of the U.S. – Central America and Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) and EPA serves as the lead U.S. government agency to provide environmental technical assistance under the agreement. The presentation demonstrates how lessons-learned from working with U.S. utilities on drinking water treatment optimization for HABs was leveraged to assist international partners.

2. Cyanobacterial Blooms Dynamics as Determined by Nucleic Acid Based Techniques

Presenter: Jorge Santo Domingo, EPA Office of Research and Development. This presentation discusses the molecular monitoring approaches used in applied environmental microbiology studies conducted in our laboratories. The presentation primarily focuses on the detection and quantification of cyanobacterial groups and cyanotoxin genes implicated in harmful algal blooms. Results from next generation sequence analysis and qPCR/RT-qPCR methods used to characterize toxic cyanobacterial populations, associated bacterial communities, and geographically localized genotypes (strains) will be discussed. We show how we can monitor functional genes associated with nutrients (i.e., nitrogen cycle) to detect cyanobacteria and potentially predict early warning of toxin production in environmental settings. Examples of other environmental and engineering research studies using molecular tools are also discussed.

Manganese Interference and Management

Moderator: Thomas Speth, EPA Office of Research and Development

1. Manganese Interference with Disinfectant Residual Methods

Presenter: Matthew Alexander, EPA Office of Water. This presentation provides a summary of manganese occurrence in public water systems and describe its potential interference with commonly used methods to measure disinfectant residual. Case studies are shared to demonstrate this issue. A flow chart to diagnose manganese interference is introduced to help identify approaches to minimize manganese interference with commonly used methods, including sample pre-treatment, sample filtration, and alternative methods.

2. Management of Manganese and Small System Considerations

Presenter: France Lemieux, Health Canada Water and Air Quality Bureau. Treatment of manganese is an ongoing concern for operational, esthetic and, more recently, health reasons. Manganese has been shown to be accumulated and released from the distribution system. These release events can cause discolored water but also release other regulated metals of health concern (e.g. lead, arsenic) into the distributed water. Research indicates that a finished water concentration of less than 0.02 mg/L is achievable by most utilities by optimizing existing treatment. At this concentration, it can also help minimize the accumulation (and subsequent release) of manganese into the distributed water. This presentation outlines management strategies for manganese including small system considerations.

Lead and Copper: Service Lines and Corrosion

Moderator: Thomas Speth, EPA Office of Research and Development

1. EPA's Lead Service Line Inventory Guidance

Presenter: Kira Smith, EPA Office of Water. This presentation provides an overview of EPA’s Guidance for Developing and Maintaining a Service Line Inventory. The guidance was developed to assist water systems in developing and maintaining service line inventories and to provide states with needed information for oversight and reporting to EPA. The guidance provides best practices for inventory development and communicating information to the public; includes a template for water systems, states, and Tribes to use or adapt to create their own inventory; contains case studies on developing, reviewing, and communicating about inventories; and highlights the importance of prioritizing inventory development in disadvantaged communities and where children live and play.

2. Corrosion Test Methods: Review of Bench Top and Pilot Lead Corrosion Assessment Studies

Presenter: Christina Devine, EPA Office of Research and Development. Bench top and pilot lead corrosion studies are gaining more interest, considering revisions and upcoming improvements to the Lead and Copper Rule. This presentation reviews studies ranging from simpler month(s)-long bench top dump-and-fill stagnant water tests to more complicated year(s)-long intermittent flow pilot studies. With increasing complexity in design and operation, studies more closely approximated real plumbing conditions at increased cost, footprint, and duration. Comparison of bench top and pilot designs (in terms of lead test piece age/dimensions/ configuration/replicates, study duration, sample collection, and other factors) can assist in the selection of a design that matches the needs and constraints of the study.

Pathogens: Microbial and Disinfection Byproducts and Storage Tanks

Moderator: Thomas Speth, EPA Office of Research and Development

1. Microbial and Disinfection Byproducts (MDBP) Rules Revision Update

Presenter: Kenneth Rotert, EPA Office of Water. This presentation provides an overview of the regulatory process, summary of public engagements, topics under consideration, and the timeline with next steps regarding the potential regulatory revisions of eight National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs) included in five MDBP rules following the third Six-Year Review.

2. Challenges and Perspectives of Studying Water Storage Tank Ecosystems in Distribution Systems

Presenter: Vicente Gomez-Alvarez, EPA Office of Research and Development. Water storage tanks are vulnerable to contamination, and excess water retention time may cause depletion of disinfectant residual which creates an environment favorable for microbial contamination. This presentation evaluates the use of a field-based sampling and a pilot-scale experimental approach to understand the ecosystem of water storage tanks. An integrative approach was utilized to characterize the storage tank ecosystem and microbiome.

2022 Small Drinking Water Systems Webinars

Power Resilience and Secure Water Treatment Chemicals

Moderator: Thomas Speth, EPA Office of Research and Development

1. Power Resilience for Small Systems

Presenter: Lauren Wisniewski, EPA Office of Water. This presentation provides an overview of some of the ways small systems can increase their power resilience including coordination with their electric providers, generators and fuel supply planning, battery energy storage systems, and renewable energy (e.g., solar and wind).

2. Utilizing System Partnerships to Secure Water Treatment Chemicals

Presenters: Gabrielle Minton and Dallas Shattuck, EPA Office of Water. This presentation provides best practices that small systems can employ to prepare for or respond to supply chain disruptions. It explores the use of system partnerships in preparing for potential treatment chemical supply issues, and how the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund could be used to help prepare for and mitigate chemical supply issues due to disasters.

Lead Service Lines: Identification and Replacement

Moderator: Deborah Vacs Renwick, EPA Office of Water

1. Tools for Lead Service Line Identification

Presenter: Simoni Triantafyllidou, EPA Office of Research and Development. This presentation summarizes methods for lead service line identification, including records screening, basic visual examination of indoor plumbing, tailored water sampling, excavation, and other alternatives. It offers a qualitative comparison of method cost, accuracy, disturbance, and other impacts, as well as an example stepwise approach to identify unknown service line materials.

2. Lead Service Line Replacement Eligibilities Under the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund and Bipartisan Infrastructure Law

Presenter: Dallas Shattuck, EPA Office of Water. The Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) is a federal-state program that provides funding and financing to public water systems for a wide range of drinking water infrastructure projects and activities. This presentation provides an overview of the DWSRF, explain DWSRF eligibilities related to lead service lines, and discuss opportunities for lead service line replacement under the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law.

Source Water Protection and Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)

Moderator: Thomas Speth, EPA Office of Research and Development

1. Using Molecular Methods to Study Cyanobacterial Blooms

Presenter: Jorge Santo Domingo, EPA Office of Research and Development. This presentation introduces molecular monitoring approaches used in the detection and quantification of cyanobacterial groups and cyanotoxin genes implicated in harmful algal blooms. Results will be presented from next generation sequence analysis and qPCR/RT-qPCR methods to characterize cyanobacterial community structure, associated bacterial community, toxic cyanobacteria, and geographically localized genotypes or species. The methods study cyanobacterial functional genes associated with nutrients in toxin production, their relationship to water quality parameters, and explore drivers of cyanotoxin production using mRNA-based sequence analysis. This presentation also discusses occurrence, distribution, temporal-spatial variations of cyanobacteria, especially toxin-producers, and use as early warning systems for cyanotoxin production.

2. Funding Integration Tool for Source Water: Finding a Plan a FITS

Presenters: Terrel Tiendrebeogo and April Byrne, EPA Office of Water. With different funding mechanisms available, it can be difficult finding one that works for specific source water protection needs. EPA’s Source Water Protection Team created the Funding Integration Tool for Source Water (FITS), a one-stop-shop tool that explains how users can integrate various federal funding sources to support activities that protect drinking water sources. This presentation discusses the basic functions and value of the tool and demonstrates use of FITS in a mock scenario.

Very Small Drinking Water Systems

Moderator: Thomas Speth, EPA Office of Research and Development

1. Underground Storage Tanks: How They May Impact Small Drinking Water Systems

Presenters: Fran Kremer and Alex Hall, EPA Office of Research and Development. In the United States, there are over 500,000 active underground storage tanks (USTs) that store petroleum or hazardous substances, and about 62,000 leaking UST sites that need cleaning up today.  The greatest potential threat from a leaking UST is the contamination for ground water, which serves as the source of drinking water for nearly half the population in the United States. Given the proximity of these leaking USTs to water supplies, it is important for small drinking water systems to understand where the leaking UST sites are to protect the water supply and to understand the water demands in proximity to the leaking underground storage tanks. This is especially needed where ground water wells are located on the property for the tank facilities. EPA developed the first national database and application (UST Finder) on underground storage tanks, a user-friendly tool that provides the needed geospatial data for these tank facilities and source water protection areas.

2. Low-Cost Solar Powered Control Systems in Non-PRASA Drinking Water Treatment Systems

Presenters: Daniel Williams and Page Jordan, EPA Office of Research and Development. There are 242 small communities in remote and rugged locations not connected to Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority (PRASA) for their drinking water. This research seeks to develop, install, evaluate, and monitor affordable and sustainable treatment technologies to support non-PRASA systems achieving regulatory compliance. Over the past 14 years, substantial improvements have been made and EPA’s most recent upgrades from May 2021 are showcased in this presentation.