Aquatic Life Criteria - Lead
Following are the references available to the Agency for developing or revising aquatic life criteria for Lead. These references were discussed in the Federal Register Notice entitled, Notice of Intent to Revise Aquatic Life Criteria for Copper, Silver, Lead, Cadmium, Iron and Selenium; Notice of Intent to Develop Aquatic Life Criteria for Atrazine, Diazinon, Nonylphenol, Methyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether (MtBE) and Dissolved Oxygen (Saltwater) Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras; Notice of Data Availability; Request for Data and Information. These references are intended to assist interested parties in deriving a value for use in standards with a more up-to-date literature compilation. The final 1984 lead criteria document is available, 440584027.
For Further Information Contact
Kathryn Gallagher (gallagher.kathryn@epa.gov) or at (202) 564-1398.
References
- Abbasi, S.A. and R. Soni. 1986. An examination of environmentally safe levels of zinc(II), cadmium(II) and lead(II) with reference to impact on channelfish Nuria denricus. Environ. Pollut. (Series A)40(1):37-52.
- Abdelghani, A.A., Y.V. Pramar, T.K. Mandal, P.B. Tchouwou and L. Heyer. 1995. Levels and toxicities of selected inorganic and organic contaminants in a swamp environment. J. Environ. Sci. Health 30B(5):717-3.
- Abou-Donia, M.B. and D.B. Menzel. 1967. Fish brain cholinesterase: its inhibition by carbamates and automatic assay. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 21:99.
- Adam, M.S. and R.A. Basset. 1990. Effect of lead nitrate and lead acetate on the growth and some metbolic processes of Scenedesmus obliquos. Acta Hydrobiol. 32(1):93-100.
- Adams, E.S. 1975. Effect of lead and hydrocarbons from snowmobile exhaust on brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 104:363.
- Akein, G., O. Saltabas and H. Afsar. 1994. Removal of lead by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). J. Enviorn. Sci. Health 29A(10):2177-2183.
- Al-Akel, A.S. 1994. Changes in behavior, tissue glycogen and blood chemistry of freshwater carp, Cyprinus carpio in relation to toxicity of lead. Z. Angew. Zool. 80(1):87-96.
- Alam, M.K. and O.E. Maughan. 1992. The effect of malathion, diazinon and various concentrations of zinc, copper, nickel, lead, iron, and mercury on fish. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 34(3):225-36.
- Alam, M.K. and O.E. Maughan. 1995. Acute toxicity of heavy metals to common carp (Cyprinus carpio). J. Environ. Sci. Health 30A(8):1807-16.
- Albers, P.H. and M.B. Camardese. 1993a. Effects of acidification on metal accumulation by aquatic plants and invertebrates. 1. Constructed wetlands. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12(6):959-967.
- Albers, P.H. and M.B. Camardese. 1993b. Effects of acidification on metal accumulation by aquatic plants and invertebrates. 2. Wetlands ponds and small lakes. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12(6):969-976.
- Allah, A.T.A., M.Q.S. Wanas and S.N. Thompson. 1997. Effects of heavy metals on survival and growth of Biomphalaria glabrata Say (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) and interaction with schistosome infection. J. Molluscan Studies. 63(1):79-86.
- Allen, P. 1993. Effects of acute exposure to cadmium (II) chloride and lead (II) chloride on the hematological profile of Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 105C(2):213-17.
- Allen, P. 1994. Accumulation profiles of lead and the influence of cadmium and mercury in Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner) during chronic exposure. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 44(1-2):101-112.
- Allen, P. 1995. Accumulation profiles of lead and cadmium in the edible tissues of Oreochromis aureus during acute exposure. J. Fish. Biol. 47(4):559-568.
- Allen, P. 1995. Soft-tissue accumulation of lead in the blue tilapia, Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner), and the modifying effects of cadmium and mercury. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 50(3):193-208.
- Alliot A. and M.F. Piron. 1990. Relationship between metals in sea-water and metal accumulation in shrimps. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 21(1):30-33.
- Amiard, J.C., C. Amiard-Triquet, B. Berthet and C. Metayer, 1986. Contribution to the ecotoxicological study of cadmium, lead, copper and zinc in the mussel Mytilus edulis. I. Field study. Mar. Biol. (Berlin) 90(3):425-31.
- Amiard, J.C., C. Metayer, J.P. Baud and F. Ribeyre. 1991. Influence of some ecological factors on metal bioaccumulation (cadmium, copper, lead, zinc) in juvenile carpet shells (Ruditapes philippinarum) during their nursing years. Revue des Sciences L'Eau. 4(4):441-45.
- Amiard, J.C., C. Metayer, J.P. Baud and F. Ribeyre. 1994. Influence of some ecological and biological factors on metal bioaccumulation in young oysters (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg) during their spat rearing. Water Res. 28(1):219-31.
- Amiard, J.C., H. Ettajani, A.Y. Jeantet, C. Ballan-Dufrancais and C. Amiard -Triquet. 1995. Bioavailability and toxicity of sediment-bound lead to a filter-feeder bivalve Crassostrea gigas. BioMetals 8(4):280-9.
- Amiard-Triquet C., C. Metayer, and J.C. Amiard. 1987. In situ and experimental studies of the ecotoxicology of four metals (cadmium, lead, copper, zinc) on algae and grazing gastropod molluscs. Water Air Soil Pollut. 34(1):11-30.
- Ancellin, J., et al. 1973. Aspects of biologiques et physico-chimiques de la contamination radioactive d'especes et de sediments marins. In: Radioactive Contamination of the Marine Environment. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria. p. 225.
- Anderson, B.G. 1948. The apparent thresholds of toxicity to Daphnia magna for chlorides of various metals when added to Lake Erie water. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 78:96.
- Anderson, M.B., J.E. Preslan, L. Jolibois, J.E. Bollinger and W.J. George. 1997. Bioaccumulation of lead nitrate in red swamp crayfish (Procambrus clarkii). J. Hazardous Materials 54:15-29.
- Anderson, R.L., et al. 1980. Survival and growth of Tanytarsus dissimilis (Chironomidii) exposed to copper, cadmium, zinc, and lead. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 9:329.
- Anderson, R.V. 1977. Concentration of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in six species of freshwater clams. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 18:492.
- Anderson, R.V. 1978. The effects of lead on oxygen uptake in the crayfish, Orconectes virilis (Hagen). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 20:394.
- Apostol, S. 1973. A bioassay of toxicity using protozoa in the study of aquatic environment pollution and its prevention. Environ Res. 6:365.
- Arambasic, M.B., S. Bjelic and G. Subakov. 1995. Acute toxicity of heavy metals (copper, lead, zinc), phenol and sodium on Allium cepa L., Lepidium sativum L. and Daphnia magna St.: comparative investigations and the practical applications. Water Res. 29(2):497-503.
- Arshaduddin, M., R. Yasmeen, M.M. Hussain and M.A. Khan. 1989. Effect of two heavy metals (lead and cadmium) on growth in the rotifer Asplanchna intermedia. Pollut. Res. 8(3):129-32.
- Atchinson, G.J., et al. 1977. Trace metal contamination of bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) from two Indiana lakes. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 106:637.
- Aubert, M., et al. 1974. Utilisation du'une chaine trophyodynamique de type pelagique pour l'etude des transferts des pollutions metallique. Rev. Int. Oceanogr. Med. 28:27.
- Audesirk, G., and T. Audesirk. 1983. Effects of chronic low level lead exposure on the physiology of individually identifiable neurons. NeuroToxicology 4(4):13-25.
- Audesirk, G., and T. Audesirk. 1984. Chronic lead exposure reduces junctional resistance at an electrical synapse. NeuroToxicology 5(4):1-7.
- Austen, M.C. and A.J. Mcevoy. 1997. The use of offshore meiobenthic communities in laboratory microcosm experiments: Response to heavy metal contamination. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 211(2):247-261.
- Baatrup, E. 1991. Structural and functional effects of heavy metals on the nervous system, including sense organs, or fish. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 100C(1-2):253-7.
- Babich, H., J.A. Puerner and E. Borenfreund. 1986. In vitro cytotoxicity of metals to bluegill (BF-2) cells. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 15(1):31-7.
- Back, H. 1983. Interactions, uptake and distribution of barium, cadmium, lead and zinc in tubificid worms (Annelida, Oligochaeta). Heavy Met. Environ., Int. Conf., 4th, Vol. 1, 370-3. CEP Consult.: Edinburgh, UK.
- Back, H. 1990. Epidermal uptake of lead, cadmium and zinc in tubificid worms. Oecologia (Heidelberg) 85(2):226-232.
- Badsha, K.S. and C.R. Goldspink. 1982. Preliminary observations on the heavy metal content of four species of freshwater fish in NW England. Jour. Fish Biol. 21:251.
- Baker, M.D., et al. 1983. Toxicity of pH, heavy metals and bisulfite to a freshwater green alga. Chemosphere 12:35.
- Barghigiani, C., E. Maserti, A. Seritti and R. Ferrara. 1983. Accumulation and release of copper and lead by Dunaliella salina. Heavy Met. Environ., Int. Conf., 4th, Vol. 1, 634-7. CEP Consult.: Edinburgh, UK.
- Batley, G.E. 1987. Heavy metal speciation in waters, sediments and biota from Lake Macquarie, New South Wales. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 38(5):591-606.
- Baysa, M.C. and R.A. Tabbada. 1994. Lead uptake and growth responses in the aquatic fern, Salvinia sp. Asia Life Sciences 3(1):55-60.
- Beck, K.M., P. Fair, W. Mcfee and D. Wolf. 1997. Heavy metals in livers of bottlenose dolphins stranded along the South Carolina coast. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 34(9):734-739.
- Bednarz, T., and H. Warkowska-Dratnal. 1985. Toxicity of zinc, cadmium, lead, copper, and their mixture for Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Acta Hydrobiol. 25-26(3-4):389-400.
- Behan, M.J., et al. 1979. Lead accumulation in aquatic plants from metallic sources including shot. Jour. Wildl. Manage. 43:240.
- Behra, R. 1993. Interaction of cadmium, lead and zinc with calmodulin from rainbow trout, sea mussels, and a green alga. Sci. Total Environ. (1 Suppl.):647-53.
- Behra, R. 1993. In vitro effects of cadmium, zinc and lead on calmodulin- dependent actions in Oncorhynchus mykiss, Mytilus sp., and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 24(1):21-7.
- Belding, D.L. 1927. Toxicity experiments with fish in reference to trade waste pollution. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 57:100.
- Bell, C.E., L.A Baldwin, P.T. Kostecki and E.J. Calabrese. 1993. Comparative response of rainbow trout and rat to the liver mitogen. Environ. Saf. 26(3):280-4.
- Bender, J. and V. Ibeanusi. 1987. Effects of supplements on the bioaccumulation of lead in Anabaena sp. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 39(2):209-213.
- Bengeri, K.V., and H.S. Patil. 1984. Acute toxicity of lead nitrate and lead acetate to a freshwater fish Barbus aurilus and their effect on oxygen uptake. Bull. Pure Appl. Sci. 3A(1):9-13.
- Bengtsson, A., B.E. Bengtsson, and G. Lithner. 1988. Vertebral defects in fourhorn sculpin, Myoxocephalus quadricornis L., exposed to heavy metal pollution in the Gulf of Bothnia. J. Fish Biol. 33(4):517-29.
- Benijts-Claus, C. and F. Benijts. 1975. The effect of low lead and zinc concentrations on the larval development of the mud crab, Rhithropanopeus harrisii. In: J.H. Koeman and J.J. Strik (eds.), Sublethal Effects of Toxic Chemicals on Aquatic Animals. Elsevier, Amsterdam. p. 43.
- Benyahia, M., C. Crochard and J.C. Pihan. 1988. Toxicity, uptake and release of lead by Dreissena polymorpha. Haliotis 18:239-249.
- Berglind, R. 1986. Combined and separate effects of cadmium, lead and zinc on ALA-D activity, growth and hemoglobin content in Daphnia magna. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 5(11):989-95.
- Berglind, R., G. Dave and M.L. Sjoebeck. 1985. The effects of lead on .delta.-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity, growth, hemoglobin content, and reproduction in Daphnia magna. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 9(2):216-29.
- Berisha, A., D.A. Rozhaja, and K. Maksimovic-Kosanovic. 1987. The effect of heavy metal salts on early embryogenesis of the frog Rana ridibunda Pall. Acta Biol. Med. Exp. 12(2):67-9.
- Bernal, J. and S. Ruvalcaba. 1996. Pharmacological prevention of acute lead poisoning in Paramecium. Toxicology 108(3):165-173.
- Berry, W.J. 1981. Memorandum to John H. Gentile. U.S. EPA, Narragansett, Rhode Island.
- Bianchi, F., A.M.B. Fantin, B. Fratello, M.A. Sabatini and D. Sonetti. 1993. Cell-specific effects of lead on cultured neurons of the freshwater snail Planorbarius corneus. Acta Biol. Hung. 44(1):15-19.
- Biegert, E.K. and V. Valkovic. 1980. Acute toxicity and accumulation of heavy metals in aquatic animals. Period. Biol. 82:25.
- Biesinger, K.E. and G.M. Christensen. 1972. Effects of various metals on survival, growth, reproduction, and metabolism of Daphnia magna. Jour. Fish. Res. Board Can. 29:1691.
- Bilgrami, K.S. and S. Kumar. 1997. Effects of copper, lead and zinc on phytoplankton growth. Biol. Plant. 39(2):315-317.
- Bird, G.A., W.J. Schwartz, and D.L. Joseph. 1995. The effect of 210Pb and stable lead on the induction of menta deformities in Chironomus tentans larvae and on their growth and survival. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 14(12):2125-30.
- Birge, W.J. 1978. Aquatic toxicology of trace elements of coal and fly ash. In: J.H. Thorpe and J.W. Gibbons (eds.), Energy and Environmental Stress in Aquatic Systems. CONF-771114. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia. p. 219.
- Birge, W.J., et al. 1978. Embryo-larval bioassays on inorganic coal elements and in situ biomonitoring of coal-waste effluents. In: D.E. Samuel, et al. (eds.), Surface Mining and Fish/Wildlife Needs in the Eastern United States. PB 298353. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.p.97.
- Birge, W.J., et al. 1980. Aquatic toxicity tests on inorganic elements occurring in oil shale. In: C. Gale (ed.), Oil Shale Symposium: Sampling, Analysis and Quality Assurance, EPA-600/9-80-022. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia. p. 519.
- Birge, W.J., et al. 1981. The reproductive toxicology of aquatic contaminants. In: J. Saxena and F. Fisher (Eds.), Hazard Assessment of Chemicals: Current Developments. Vol I. Academic Press, New York. p. 59.
- Bitton, G., K. Jung and B. Koopman. 1994. Evaluation of a microplate assay specific for heavy metal toxicity. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 27(1):25-28.
- Bitton, G., K. Rhodes, B. Koopman and M. Cornejo. 1995. Short-term toxicity assay based on daphnid feeding behavior. Water Environ. Res. 67(3):290-3.
- Bitton, G., K. Rhodes and B. Koopman. 1996. CerioFAST: An acute toxicity test based on Ceriodaphnia dubia feeding behavior. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15(2):123-5.
- Black, M.C., J.R. Ferrell, R.C. Horning and L.K. Martin, Jr. 1996. DNA strand breakage in freshwater mussels (Anodonta grandis) exposed to lead in the laboratory and field. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15(5):802-808.
- Bleeker, E.A.J., M.H.S. Kraak and C. Davids. 1992. Ecotoxicity of lead to the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha, Pallas. Hydrobiol. Bull. 25:233-6.
- Blondin, G.A., L.M. Knobeloch, H.W. Read and J.M. Harkin. 1988. An in vitro submitochondrial bioassay for predicting acute toxicity in fish. In: Aquatic Toxicology and Environmental Fate. Suter, G.W. II and M.A. Lewis (Eds.) ASTM STP 1007. American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia, PA. Pp. 551-63.
- Bodar, C.W.M., A. van der Zee, P.A. Voogt, H. Wynne and D.I. Zandee. 1989. Toxicity of heavy metals to early life stages of Daphnia magna. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 17(3):333-8.
- Boggess, W.R. (Ed.). 1977. Lead in the environment. PB 278278. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.
- Borg, H. 1986. Metal speciation in acidified mountain streams in central Sweden. Water Air Soil Pollut. 30(3-4):1007-14.
- Borgmann, U. 1980. Interactive effects of metals in mixtures on biomass production kinetics of freshwater copepods. Can. Jour. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37:1295.
- Borgmann, U., et al. 1978. Rates of mortality, growth, and biomass production of Lymnaea palustris during chronic exposure to lead. Jour. Fish. Res. Board Can. 35:1109.
- Borgmann, U., W.P. Norwood and C. Clarke. 1993. Accumulation, regulation and toxicity of copper, zinc, lead and mercury in Hyalella azteca. Hydrobiologia 259(2):79-89.
- Boutet, C. and C. Chaisemartin. 1973. Specific toxic properties of metallic salts in Austropotamobius pallipes pallipes and Orconectes limosus. C.R. Soc. Biol. 167:1933.
- Brady, D., B. Letebele, J.R. Duncan and P.D. Rose. 1994. Bioaccumulation of metals by Scenedesmus, Selenastrum and Chlorella. Water SA 20(3):213-18.
- Brezina, E.R. and M.Z. Arnold. 1977. Levels of heavy metals in fishes from selected Penna. Waters. Publication No. 50. Bureau of Water Quality Management, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
- Brezina, E.R., et al. 1974. Schuylkill river basin water quality. Publication No. 34. Bureau of Water Quality Management, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
- Brezonik, P.L., J.G. Eaton, T.M. Frost, P.J. Garrison, T.K. Kratz, C.E. Mach, J.H McCormick, J.A. Perry and W.A. Rose. 1993. Experimental acidification of Little Rock Lake, Wisconsin: Chemical and biological changes over the pH range 6.1 to 4.7. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50(5):1101-21.
- Briggs-Reed, L.M. and M.G. Heagler. 1997. A comparative analysis of lead concentrations in purged and unpurged crayfish (Procambarus clarkii): The significance of digestive tract removal prior to consumption by humans. Microchem. J. 55(1):122-128.
- Bringmann, G. 1975. Determination of the biologically harmful effect of water pollutants by means of the retardation of cell proliferation of the blue algae Microcystis. Gesundheits-Ing. 96:238.
- Bringmann, G. 1978. Determination of the biological toxicity of waterbound substances towards protozoa. I. Bacteriovorous flagellates (model organism: Entosiphon sulcatum Stein). Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch. 11:210.
- Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1959a. The toxic effects of waste water on aquatic bacteria, algae, and small crustaceans. Gesundheints-Ing. 80:115.
- Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1959b. Water toxicology studies with protozoans as test organisms. Gesundheits-Ing. 80:239.
- Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1976. Comparative results of the damaging effects of water pollutants against bacteria (Pseudomonas putida) and blue algae (Microcystis aeruginosa). Gas-Wasserfach, Wasser-Abwasser 117:410.
- Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1977a. Limiting values for the damaging action of water pollutants to bacteria (Pseudomonas putida) and green algae (Scenedesmus quadricauda) in the cell multiplication inhibition test. Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch. 10:87.
- Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1977b. Results of the damaging effect of water pollutants on Daphnia magna. Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch. 10:161.
- Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1978a. Limiting values for the noxious effects of water pollutant material to blue algae (Microcystis aeruginosa) and green algae (Scenedesmus quadricauda) in cell propagation inhibition tests. Vom Wasser 50:45.
- Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1978b. Testing of substances for their toxicity threshold: model organisms Microcystis (Diplocystis) aeruginosa and Scenedesmus quadricauda. Mitt. Int. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol. 21:275.
- Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1979. Comparison of toxic limiting concentrations of water contaminations toward bacteria, algae, and protozoa in the cell-growth inhibition test. Haustech. Bauphys. Umwelttech. 100:249.
- Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1980a. Determination of the harmful biological effect of water pollutants on protozoa. II. Bacteriovorous ciliates. Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch. 13:26.
- Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1980b. Comparison of the toxicity threshold of water pollutants to bacteria, algae, and protozoa in the cell multiplication inhibition test. Water Res. 14:231.
- Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1981. Comparison of the effects of harmful substances on flagellates as well as ciliates and on halozoic bacteriophagous and saprozoic protozoa. Gas-Wasserfach, Wasser-Abwasser 122:308.
- Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1980. Determination of biological damage from water pollutants to protozoa. III. saprozoic flagellates. Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch. 13:170.
- Brown, B. and M. Ahsanullah. 1971. Effect of heavy metals on mortality and growth. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2:182.
- Brown, G.W. 1976. Effects of polluting substances on enzymes of aquatic organisms. Jour. Fish. Res. Board Can. 33:2018.
- Brown, J.R. and L.Y. Chow. 1977. Heavy metal concentration in Ontario fish. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17:190.
- Brown, P.L., R.A. Jeffree and S.J. Markich. 1996. Kinetics of 45Ca, 60Co, 210Pb, 54Mn and 109Cd in the tissue of the freshwater bivalve Velsunio angasi: Further development of a predictive and mechanistics model of metal bioaccumulation. Sci. Total Environ. 188(2-3):139-166.
- Brown, V.M. 1968. Calculation of the acute toxicity of mixtures of poisons to rainbow trout. Water Res. 2:723.
- Brudin, K.S., and K.T. Bird. 1994. Heavy metal accumulation by carrageenan and agar producing algae. Bot. Mar. 37(5):467-470.
- Brunetti, R., M. Marin, M. Bressan, M. Zordan and A. Soggia 1991. Effects of the chelating agent nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) on the toxicity of metals (cadmium, copper, zinc and lead) in the sea urchin Paracentrous lividus LMK. Vie Milieu. 41(1):39-44.
- Bryan, G.W. 1976 Heavy metal contamination in the sea. In: R. Johnson (ed.), Marine Pollution. Academic Press, New York. p. 185.
- Bryan, G.W. and W.J. Langston. 1992. Bioavailability accumulation and effects of heavy metals in sediments with special reference to United Kingdom estuaries a review. Environ. Pollut. 76(2):89-131.
- Bryson, P.D. 1989. Comprehensive review in toxicology. Second edition. Aspen Publishers, Rockville MD 696 pp.
- Buckler, D.R., P.M. Mehrle, L. Cleveland and F.J. Dwyer. 1987. Influence of pH on the toxicity of aluminum and other inorganic contaminants to east coast striped bass. Water Air Soil Pollut. 35(1-2):97-106.
- Buhl, K.J. and S.J. Hamilton. 1990. Comparative toxicity of inorganic contaminants released by placer mining to early life stages of salmonids. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 20(3):325-42.
- Buikema, A.L., Jr., et al. 1974a. Rotifers as monitors of heavy metal pollution in water. Bulletin 71. Virginia Water Resources Research Center, Blacksburg, Virginia.
- Buikema, A.L., Jr., et al. 1974b. Evaluation of Philodina acuticornis (Rotifera) as a bioassay organism for heavy metals. Water Resources Bull. 10:648.
- Buikema, A.L., Jr., et al. 1977. Rotifer sensitivity to combinations of inorganic water pollutants. Bulletin 92. Virginia Water Resources Research Center, Blacksburg, Virginia.
- Burger, J., K. Cooper and M. Gochfeld. 1992. Exposure assessment for heavy metal ingestion from a sport fish in Puerto Rico: Estimating risk for local fishermen. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 36(4):355-65.
- Byers, J.E. 1993. Variations in the bioaccumulation of zinc, copper, and lead in Crassostrea virginica and Ilyanassa obsoleta in marinas and open water environments. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 109(3):163-70.
- Cairns, J., et al. 1976. Invertebrate response to thermal shock following exposure to acutely sub-lethal concentrations of chemicals. Arch. Hydrobiol. 77:164.
- Calabrese, A. and D.A. Nelson. 1974. Inhibition of embryonic development of the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, by heavy metals. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 11:92.
- Calabrese, A., et al. 1973. The toxicity of heavy metals to embryos of the American oyster Crassostrea virginica. Mar. Biol. 18:162.
- Calderon Llanten, C.E. and H.Greppin. 1993. Toxicity tests of Zn, Cu, and Pb with Chlorella rubescens, Chod: Using super(31)P NMR. Arch. Sci. 46(2):249-258.
- Call, D.J., et al. 1981. Aquatic pollutant hazard assessments and development of a hazard prediction technology by quantitative structure-activity relationships. First Quarterly Report to EPA. Center for Lake Superior Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Superior, Superior, Wisconsin.
- Call, D.J., et al. 1983. Toxicity and metabolism studies with EPA priority pollutants and related chemicals in freshwater organisms. PB83-263665. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.
- Callahan, M.A., et al. 1979. Water-related environmental fate of 129 priority pollutants. Vol. I. EPA-440/4-79-029a. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.
- Camusso, M., L. Vigano and R. Balestrini. 1994. Bioconcentration of trace metals in rainbow trout: A field study. Chemosphere 29(4):729-745.
- Camusso, M., L. Vigano and R. Balestrini. 1995. Bioconcentration of trace metals in rainbow trout: A field study. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 31(2):133-41.
- Canli, M. and R.W. Furness. 1993. Toxicity of heavy metals dissolved in sea water and influences of sex and size on metal accumulation and tissue distribution in the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus. Mar. Environ. Res., 36(4):217-236.
- Canli, M. and F. Kargin. 1995. A comparative study on heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Pb and Ni) accumulation in the tissue of the carp Cyprinus carpio and the Nile fish Tilapia nilotica. Turkish J. Zoology. 19(2):165-171.
- Canterford, G.S. and D.R. Canterford. 1980. Toxicity of heavy metals to the marine diatom Ditylum brightwellii (West) Grunow: correlation between toxicity and metal speciation. Jour. Mar. biol. Assoc. U.K. 60:227.
- Canterford, G.S., et al. 1978. Accumulation of heavy metals by the marine diatom Ditylum brightwellii (West) Grunow. Aust. Jour. Mar. Freshwater Res. 29:613.
- Capelo, S., M.F. Vilhena, M.L.S.S. Goncalves and M.A. Sampayo. 1993. Effect of lead on the uptake of nutrients by unicellular algae. Water Res. 27(10):1563-8.
- Cardin, J.A. 1981. Memorandum to John H. Gentile. U.S. EPA, Narragansett, Rhode Island.
- Carpenter, K.E. 1925. On the biological factors involved in the destruction of river-fisheries by pollution due to lead-mining. Ann. Appl. Biol. 12:1.
- Carpenter, K.E. 1926. The lead mine as an active agent in river pollution. Ann. Appl. Biol. 13:395.
- Carpenter, K.E. 1927. The lethal action of soluble metallic salts of fishes. Br. Jour. Exp. Biol. 4:378.
- Carpenter, K.E. 1930. Further researches on the action of metallic salts on fishes. Jour. Exp. Zool. 56:407.
- Carter, J.W. and I.L. Cameron. 1973. Toxicity bioassay of heavy metals in water using Tetrahymena pyriformis. Water Res. 7:951.
- Carvalho, F.P. and S.W. Fowler. 1993. An experimental study on the bioaccumulation and turnover of polonium-210 and lead-210 in marine shrimp. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 102(1-2):125-133.
- Castano, A., M.J. Cantarino, P. Castillo and J.V. Tarazona. 1996. Correlations between the RTG-2 cytotoxicity test EC50 and in vivo LC50 rainbow trout bioassay. Chemosphere 32(11):2141-2157.
- Chapman, G.A., et al., Manuscript. Effects of water hardness on the toxicity of metals to Daphnia magna. U.S. EPA, Corvallis, Oregon.
- Chapman, P.M. and C. McPherson. 1993. Comparative zinc and lead toxicity tests with arctic marine invertebrates and implications for toxicant discharges. Polar Record 29(168):45-54.
- Chapman, W.H., et al. 1968. Concentration factors of chemical elements in edible aquatic organisms. UCRL-50564. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.
- Chaurasia, S.S., P. Gupta, A. Kar and P. K. Maiti. 1996. Lead induced thyroid dysfunction and lipid peroxidation in the fish Clarias batrachus with special reference to hepatic type I-5'-monodeiodinase activity. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 56(4):649-54.
- Chen, C. and K. Lin. 1997. Optimization and performance evaluation of the continuous algal toxicity test. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16(7):1337-1344.
- Chen, C., K. Lin and D. Yang. 1997. Comparison of the relative toxicity relationships based on batch and continuous algal toxicity tests. Chemosphere 35(9):1959-1960.
- Chevreuil, M., M. Blanchard, M.J. Teil, A.M. Carru, P. Testard and A. Chesterikoff. 1996. Evaluation of the pollution by organchlorinated compounds (polychlorobiphenyls and pesticides) and metals (Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb) in the water and in the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha Pallas) of the River Seine. Water Air Soil Pollut. 88(3-4):371-381.
- Christensen, E.R. and N. Nyholm. 1984. Ecotoxicological assays with algae: Weibull dose-response curves. Environ. Sci. Technol. 18(9):713-18.
- Christensen, E.R., et al. 1979. Effects of manganese, copper and lead on Selenastrum capricornutum and Chlorella stigmatophora. Water Res. 13:79.
- Christensen, E.R., C.Y. Chen and S.R. Kroeger. 1983. Algal growth under single and multiple toxicant stress. Heavy Met. Environ., Int. Conf., 4th, Volume 1, 662-5. CEP Consult.: Edinburgh, UK.
- Christensen, G.M. 1975. Biochemical effects of methylmercuric chloride, cadmium chloride and lead nitrate on embryos and alevins of the brook trout. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 32:191.
- Christensen, G., et al. 1977. The effect of methylmercuric chloride, cadmium chloride, and lead nitrate on six biochemical factors of the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 42:523.
- Christoffers, D. and D.E.W. Ernst. 1983. The in vivo fluorescence of Chlorella fusca as a biological test for the inhibition of photosynthesis. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 7(1):61-71.
- Chu, S.Y., and L.P. Lin. 1997. Cellular growth and lead accumulation by Anabaena cylindrica and Chlorella sp. in cultures containing different lead concentrations. J. Chinese Agri. Chem. Soc. 35(2):152-160.
- Clarke, A.M. and J.H. Clarke. 1974. A static monitor for lead in natural and waste waters. Environ. Letters 7:251.
- Coello, W.F. and M.A.Q. Khan. 1996. Physiological background for using freshwater mussels in monitoring copper and lead pollution. Hydrobiologia 188/189:445-454.
- 1988. Concentrations of trace elements in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) from six acidic lakes. Coastal Water Air Soil Pollut. 37(3-4):375-88.
- Congiu, A.M., E. Calendi and G. Ugazio. 1984. Effects of metal ions and carbon tetrachloride on sea urchin embryo (Paracentrotus lividus). Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 43(2):317-23.
- Conner, E.A. and B.A. Fowler. 1994. Biochemical and immunological properties of hepatic .delta.-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Aquat. Toxicol. 28(1-2):37-52.
- Cooper, G.P. and R.S. Manalis. 1984. Interactions of lead and cadmium on acetylcholine release at the frog neuromuscular junction. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 74(3):411-16.
- Coughlan, D.J., S.P. Gloss and J. Kubota. 1986. Acute and sub-chronic toxicity of lead to the early life stages of smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui). Water Air Soil Pollut. 28(3-4):265-75.
- Crandall, C.A. and C.J. Goodnight. 1962. Effects of sublethal concentrations of several toxicants on growth of the common guppy Lebistes reticulatus. Limnol. Oceanogr. 7:233.
- Crespo, S., G. Nonnotte, D.A. Colin, C. Leray, L. Nonnotte, and A. Aubree. 1986. Morphological and functional alterations induced in trout intestine by dietary cadmium and lead. J. Fish Biol. 28(1):69-80.
- Curtis, M.W. and C.H. Ward. 1981. Aquatic toxicity of forty industrial chemicals: testing in support of hazardous substance spill prevention regulation. Jour. Hydrol. 51:359.
- Czarnezki, J.M. 1987. Use of pocketbook mussel, Lampsilis ventricosa, for monitoring heavy metal pollution in an Ozark stream. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 38(4):641-646.
- Dallinger, R. and H. Kautzky. 1985. The importance of contaminated food for the uptake of heavy metals by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): A field study. Oecologia (Heidelberg). 67(1):82-89.
- Davies, P.H. and W.E. Everhart. 1973. Effects of chemical variations in aquatic environments: lead toxicity to rainbow trout and testing application factor concept. EPA-R3-73-011C. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.
- Davies, P.H., et al. 1976. Acute and chronic toxicity of lead to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in hard and soft water. Water Res. 10:199.
- Davies, G.A. 1978. Pollution studies with marine plankton. Part II. Heavy metals. Adv. Mar. Biol. 15:381.
- Davis, A., C. Sellstone, S. Clough, R. Barrick and B. Yare. 1996. Bioaccumulation of arsenic, chromium and lead in fish: Constraints imposed by sediment geochemistry. Appl. Geochem. 11(3):409-423.
- Davis, R.B., D.S. Anderson, M.C. Whiting, J.P. Smol and S.S. Dixit. 1990. Alkalinity and pH of three lakes in northern New England, U.S.A., over the past 300 years. Philos. Trans. Res. Soc. London 327B(1240):413-21.
- Dawson, A.B. 1935. The hemopoietic response in the catfish, Ameivrus nebulosus, to chronic lead poisoning. Biol. Bull. 68:335.
- Demayo, A., et al. 1980. Guidelines for surface water quality: inorganic chemical substances - lead. Inland Waters Directorate, Water Quality Branch, Ottawa, Canada.
- Demayo, A., et al. 1982. Toxic effects of lead and lead compounds on human health, aquatic life, wildlife, plants and lifestock. CRC Crit. Rev. Environ. Control 12:257.
- Deniseger, J., A. Austin and W.P. Lucey. 1986. Periphyton communities in a pristine mountain stream above and below heavy metal mining operations. Freshwater Biol. 16(2):209-18.
- Destombe, C., J. Godin, M. Nocher, S. Richerd and M. Valero. 1993. Differences in response between haploid and diploid isomorphic phases of Gracilaria verrucosa (Rhodophyta: Gigartinales) exposed to artificial environmental conditions. Hydrobiologia 260-261:131-7.
- Devi, M. and M. Fingerman. 1995. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in the central nervous system of the red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, by mercury, cadmium, and lead. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 55(5):746-50.
- Devi Prasad, P.V. and P.S. Devi Prasad. 1982. Effect of cadmium, lead and nickel on three freshwater green algae. Water, Air Soil Pollut. 17:263.
- Diamond, J.M., D.E. Koplish, J. McMahon III and R. Rost. 1997. Evaluation of the water-effect ratio procedure for metals in riverine system. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16(3):509-520.
- Di Guilo, R.T. and P.F. Scanlon. 1985. Heavy metals in aquatic plants, clams and sediments from the Chesapeake Bay, USA: Implications for waterfowl. Sci. Total Environ. 41(3):259-274.
- Dilling, W.J. and C.W. Healy. 1927. Influence of lead on the metallic ions of Cu, Zn, thorium, beryllium and thallium on the germination of frogs' spawn and the growth of tadpoles. Ann. Appl. Biol. 13:177.
- Dilling, W.J., et al. 1926. Experiments on the effects of lead on the growth of plaice (Pleuronectes platessa). Ann. Appl. Biol. 13:168.
- Dixon, W.J. and M.B. Brown, eds. 1979. BMDP Biomedical Computer Programs, P-series. University of California, Berkeley, California. p. 521.
- Dorfman, D. 1977. Tolerance of Fundulus heteroclitus to different metals in saltwaters. Bull. New Jersey Acad. Sci. 22:21.
- Dorfman, D. and W.R. Whitworth. 1969. Effects of fluctuations of lead, temperature, and dissolved oxygen on the growth of brook trout. Jour Fish. Res. Board Can. 26:2493.
- Du Preez, H.H., V.E. Stenkamp and H.J. Schoonbee. 1993. Bioaccumulation for zinc and lead in selected tissues and organs of the freshwater crab, Potamonautes warreni. Sci. Total Environ. 41(3):469-478.
- Eide, I. And S. Myklestad. 1980. Long-term uptake and release of heavy metals by Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol (Phaeophyceae) in situ. Environ. Pollut. (Series A) 23:19.
- Eisler, R. 1977. Acute toxicities of selected heavy metals to the soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17:137.
- Eisler, R. 1981. Trace Metal Concentrations in Marine Organisms. Pergamon Press, New York.
- Eisler, R., et al. 1979. Fourth annotated bibliography on biological effects of metals in aquatic environments. EPA-600/3-79-084. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.
- El-Bouhy, Z., A.M. Alkelch, G. Saleh and A.M. Ali. 1993. Effects of heavy metals intoxication on some freshwater fish. J. Pharm. Sci. 2(2):73-91.
- Ellgaard, E.G. and T.W. Rudner. 1982. Lead acetate: toxicity without effects on the locomotor activity of the bluegill sunfish. Jour. Fish Biol. 21:411.
- Elliott, N.G., R. Swain and D.A. Ritz. 1985. The influence of cyclic exposure on the accumulation of heavy metals by Mytilus edulis planulatus (Lamarck). Mar. Environ. Res. 15(1):17-30.
- Ellis, M.M. 1937. Detection and measurement of stream pollution. (Bulletin No. 22, U.S. Bureau of Fisheries) Bull. Bureau Fish. 48:365.
- Ellis, M.M. 1940. Pollution of the Coeur d'Alene River and adjacent waters by mine wastes. Special Scientific Report No. 1. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. P. 61.
- Elnabarawy, M.T., A.N. Welter, and R.R. Robideau. 1986. Relative sensitivity of three daphnid species to selected organic and inorganic chemicals. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 5(4):393-8.
- English, J.N., et al. 1963. Pollutional effects of outboard motor exhaust - laboratory studies. Jour. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 35:923.
- Enk, M.D. and B.J. Mathis. 1977. Distribution of cadmium and lead in a stream ecosystem. Hydrobiologia 52:153.
- Enserink, E.L., J.L. Maas Diepeveen and C.J. van Leeuwen. 1991. Combined effects of metals an ecotoxicological evaluation. Water Res. 88(3-4):371-381.
- Evans, R.D. and D.C. Lasenby. 1983. Relationship between body-lead concentration of Mysis relicta and sediment-lead concentration in Kootenary, B.C. Can. Jour. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40:78.
- Everard, M. and P. Denny. 1985. Flux of lead in submerged plants and its relevance to a freshwater system. Aquat. Bot. 21(2):181-194.
- Fabris, J.G., B.J. Richardson, J.E. O'Sullivan and F.C. Brown. 1994. Estimation of cadmium, lead and mercury concentrations in estuarine waters using the mussel Mytilus edulis planulatus L. Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual. 9(3):183-192.
- Fantin, A.M.B., A. Franchini, E. Ottaviani and L. Benedetti. 1985. Effect of pollution on some freshwater species: II Bioaccumulation and toxic effects of experimental lead pollution on the ganglia in Viviparus ater (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Basic and Appl. Histochem. 29(4):377-388.
- Farag, A.M., C.J. Boese, D.F. Woodward and H.L. Bergman. 1994. Physiological changes and tissue metal accumulation in rainbow trout exposed to foodborne and waterborne metals. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13(12):2021-9.
- Fargasova, A. 1993. Effect of five toxic metals on the alga Scenedesmus quadricauda. Biologia (Bratislava) 48(3):301-4.
- Fargasova, A. 1994. Comparative toxicity of five metals on various biological subjects. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 53(2):317-24.
- Fargasova, A. 1994. Toxicity of metals on Daphnia magna and Tubifex tubifex. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 27(2):210-13.
- Fayed, S.E. and H.I. Abdel-Shafy. 1986. Accumulation of copper, cadmium, and lead by algae. Egypt. J. Microbiol. 21(2):263-74.
- Fayed, S.E., H.I. Abdel-Shafy and N.M. Khalifa. 1983. Accumulation of copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead by Scenedesmus obliquus under nongrowth conditions. Environ. Int. 9(5):409-13.
- Ferard, J.F. et al. 1982. Value of dynamic tests in acute ecotoxicity assessment in algae. In: W.C. McKay (ed.), Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Aquatic Toxicity Workshop. Can Tech. Rept. Fish. Aquat. Sci. No. 1163. University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta. p. 38.
- Ferguson, J. and B. Bubela. 1974. The concentration of Cu(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) from aqueous solution by particulate algal matter. Chem. Geol. 13:163.
- Fernandez-Leborans, G. and M.T. Antonio-Garcia. 1986. Lead-zinc interaction in a natural community of protozoans. Acta Protozool. 25(2):195-211.
- Fernandez-Leborans, G. and M.T. Antonio-Garcia. 1988. Effects of lead and cadmium in a community of protozoans. Acta Protozool. 27(2):141-59.
- Fernandez-Leborans, G. and A. Novillo. 1994. Effects of periodic addition of lead on a marine protistan community. Aquat. Sci. 56B(3):191-205.
- Fernandez-Leborans, G. and A. Novillo. 1992. Hazard evaluation of lead effects using marine prrotozoan communities. Aquat. Sci. 54(2):128-140.
- Fernandez-Leborans, G., M.T. Antonio-Garcia and I. Corpas-Vazquez. 1985. The effects of lead on some protozoan communities. Ciliates of the Santillana reservoir and Ciudad Universitaria (Madrid, Spain). Acta Protozool. 24(2):85-109.
- Fisher, N.S. and G.J. Jones. 1981. Heavy metals and marine phytoplankton: correlation of toxicity and sulfhydryl-binding. Jour. Phycol. 17:108.
- Fisher, N.S., J.L. Teyssie, S. Krishnaswami and M. Baskaran. 1987. Accumulation of thorium, lead, uranium and radium in marine phytoplankon and its geochemical significance. Limnol. Oceanogr. 32(1):131-142.
- Fisher, N.S., V.T. Breslin and M. Levandowsky. 1995. Accumulation of silver and lead in estuarine microzooplankton. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 116(1-3):207-215.
- Fitzsimons, J.D., S. Huestis and B. Williston. 1995. Occurrence of a swim-up syndrome in Lake Ontario lake trout in relation to contaminants and cultural practices. J. Great Lakes Res. 21(Suppl. 1):277-285.
- Flammarion, P. and J. Garric. 1997. Cyprinids EROD activities in low contaminated rivers: A relevant statistical approach to estimate reference levels for EROD biomarker. Chemosphere 35(10):2375-2388.
- Flegal, A.R., J.O. Nriagu, S. Niemeyer and K.H. Coales. 1989a. Isotopic tracers of lead contamination in the Great Lakes. Nature 339:445-458.
- Flegal, A.R., T.F. Duda and S. Niemeyer. 1989b. High gradients of lead isotopic composition in north-east Pacific upwelling filaments. Nature 339:458-460.
- Foster, P.L. 1982a. Species association and metal contents of algae from rivers polluted by heavy metals. Freshwater Biol. 12:17.
- Foster, P.L. 1982b. Metal resistances of chlorophyta from rivers polluted by heavy metals. Freshwater Biol. 12:41.
- Fourest, E. and B. Volesky. 1997. Alginate properties and heavy metal biosorption by marine algae. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 67(3):215-226.
- France, R.L. 1987. Calcium and trace metal composition of crayfish (Orconectes virilis) in relation to experimental lake acidification. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44(Suppl. 1):107-113.
- Franchini, A., E. Barbanti and A.M.B. Fantin. 1991. Effects of lead on hepatocyte ultrastructure in Carassius carassius (L.) var. auratus. Tissue Cell 23(6):893-901.
- Freda, J. and D.G. McDonald. 1993. Toxicity of amphibian breeding ponds in the Sudbury region. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50(7):1497-503.
- Freeman, B.J. 1978. Accumulation of cadmium, chromium, and lead by bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque) under temperature and oxygen stress. SRO-757-6. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.
- Freeman, B.J. 1980. Accumulation of cadmium, chromium, and lead by bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque) under temperature and oxygen stress. Thesis. University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.
- Frenet, M. and A. Alliot 1985. Comparative bioaccumulation of metals in Palaemonetes varians in polluted and non-polluted environments. Mar. Environ. Res. 17(1):19-44.
- Fujiya, M. 1961. Use of electrophoretic serum separation in fish studies. Jour. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 33:250.
- Gale, N.L., et al. 1973a. Transport of trace pollutants in lead mining wastewaters. In: D.D. Hemphill (ed.), Trace Substances in Environmental Health-IV. University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. p. 95.
- Gale, N.L., et al. 1973b. Aquatic organisms and heavy metals in Missouri's new lead belt. Water Resources Bull. 9:673.
- Gale, N.L., et al. 1982. Lead concentrations in edible fish fillets collected from Missouri's old lead belt. In: D.D. Hemphill (ed.), Trace Substances in Environmental Health-XVI. University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. p. 12.
- Garavini, C. and P. Martelli. 1979. Effect of lead acetate on erythropoiensis and ultrastructural changes of erythroblasts in the catfish. Monitore. Zool. Italy 13:83.
- Gavrilenko, Y.Y. and Y.Y. Zolotukhina. 1989. Accumulation and interaction of copper, zinc, manganese, cadmium, nickel and lead ions absorbed by aquatic macrophytes. Hydrobiol. J. 25(5):54-61.
- Gekeler, W., E. Grill, E.L. Winnacker and M.H. Zenk. 1988. Algae sequester heavy metals via synthesis of phytochelatin complexes. Arch. Microbiol. 150(2):197-202.
- Gelinas, Y. and J.P. Schmit. 1997. Extending the use of the stable lead isotope ratios as a tracer in bioavailability studies. Environ. Toxicol. 31(7):1968-1972.
- Gentile, J.H., et al. 1982. The use of life-tables for evaluating the chronic toxicity of pollutants to Mysidopsis bahia. Hydrobiologia 93:179.
- Gentile, S.M. 1982. Memorandum to John H. Gentile. U.S. EPA, Narragansett, Rhode Island.
- Gerhardt, A. 1993. Review of impact of heavy metals on stream invertebrates with special emphasis on acid conditions. Water Air Soil Pollut. 66(3-4):289-314.
- Gerhardt, A. 1994. Short term toxicity of iron (Fe) and lead (Pb) to the mayfly Leptophlebia marginata (L.) (Insecta) in relation to freshwater acidification. Hydrobiologia 284(2):157-68.
- Gerhardt, A. 1995. Monitoring behavioral responses to metals in Gammarus pulex (L.) (Crustacea) with impedance conversion. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 2(1):15-23.
- Ghazaly, K.S. 1991. Influences of thiamin on lead intoxication, lead deposition in tissues and lead hematological responses of Tilapia zillii. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 100C(3):417-21.
- Goettl, J.P., et al. 1972. Laboratory water pollution studies. Colorado Fisheries Research Review.
- Golab, Z., and R.W. Smith. 1992. Accumulation of lead in two freshwater algae. Miner. Eng. 5(9):1003-10.
- Golab, Z., R.W. Smith and Z. Yang. 1992. Manner of accumulation of lead by the green alga Chlorella vulgaris. Proceedings of the seventh international symposium of Water-Rock Interactions. Kharaka and Maest (Eds.). Volume 1, pp. 279-82.
- Goncalves, M.L., S. Simoes, M.F.C. Vilhena, J.M. Fernandes Sollis, J.M. Castro Romero and M.A. Sampayo. 1991. Uptake of lead and its influence in the alga Selenastrum capricornutum Printz. Talanta 38(10):1111-18.
- Gonzalez, O., J. Fernandez and M. Martin. 1987. Inhibition of trout (Salmo gairdneri R.) PBG-synthase by some metal ions (magnesium, lead, zinc). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 86C(1):163-7.
- Gopal, V. and K. Maheswari Devi. 1991. Influence of nutritional status on the median tolerance limits (LC50) of Ophiocephalus straitus for certain heavy metal pesticide toxicants. Indian J. Environ. Health 33(3):393-394.
- Gopal, V., S. Parvathy and P.R. Balasubramanian. 1997. Effect of heavy metals on the blood protein biochemistry of the fish Cyprinus carpio and its use as a bioindicator of pollution stress. Environ. Monit. Assess. 48(2):117-124.
- Gordon, M., et al. 1980. Mytilus californianus as a bioindicator of trace metal pollution: variability and statistical considerations. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 11:193.
- Gould, E. and R.A. Greig. 1983. Short-term low salinity response in lead-exposed lobsters, Homarus americanus (Milne Edwards). Jour. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 69:283.
- Govindarajan, S., C.P. Valsaraj, R. Mohan, V. Hariprasad and R. Ramasubramanian. 1993. Toxicity of heavy metals in aquaculture organisms: Penaeus indicus, Perna viridis, Artemia salina and Skeletonema costatum.
- Gowrinathan, K.P. and V.N.R. Rao. 1989. Physiological responses of some plankton diatoms to heavy metals. Indian J. Microbiol. 29(4):293-302.
- Goyer, R.A. 1986. Toxic effects of metals. pp. 582-635. In: Klaassen, C.D., M.O. Amdur and J. Doul (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology, the basic science of poisons. Macmillan Publisher. Third edition. New York, NY.
- Grande, M. and S. Andersen. 1983. Lethal effects of hexavalent chromium, lead, and nickel on young stages of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) In soft water. Vatten 39:405.
- Gray, J.S. and R.J. Ventilla. 1973. Growth rates of sediment-living marine protozoan as a toxicity indicator for heavy metals. Ambio 2:118.
- Guar, J.P., N. Noraho and Y.S. Chauhan. 1994. Relationship between heavy metal accumulation and toxicity in Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. and Azolla pinnata R. Br. Aquat. Bot. 49(2/3):183-192.
- Gupta, S. and P.P. Bakre. 1996. Influence of lead in various organs of Lymnaea acuminata after supplementation with calcium chloride. Geobios. 23:251-258.
- Haeder, D., M. Lebert, H. Tahedl and P. Richter. 1997. The Erlanger flagellate test (EFT): photosynthetic flagellates in biological dosimeters. Photochem. Photobiol. 40B(1):23-28.
- Haider, G. 1964. Studies on the heavy metal poisoning of fishes. I:lead poisoning of rainbow trout. Z. Angew. Zool. 51:347.
- Haines, T.A. and W.G. Brumbaugh. 1994. Metal concentration in the gill, gastrointestinal tract, and carcass of white suckers (Catostomus commersoni) in relation to lake acidity. Water Air Soil Pollut. 73(1-4):265-74.
- Hakanson, L. 1984. Metals in fish and sediments from Rver Kolbacksan water system, Sweden. Arch. Hydrobiol. 101(3):373-400.
- Hale, J.G. 1977. Toxicity of metal mining wastes. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17:66.
- Halili, F., D.A. Rozhaja, I. Elezaj and S. Gjokaj. 1986. Qualitative changes of hemolymph proteins of the snails (Helix pomatia L.) treated with lead acetate. Acta Biol. Med. Exp. 11(1):19-21.
- Hall, L.W., Jr., L.O. Horseman and S. Zeger. 1984. Effects of organic and inorganic chemical contaminants on fertilization, hatching success, and prolarval survival of striped bass. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 13(6):723-9.
- Hall, L.W., Jr., A.E. Pinkney, R.L. Herman and S.E. Finger. 1987. Survival of striped bass larvae and yearlings in relation to contaminants and water quality in the upper Chesapeake Bay. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 16(4):391-400.
- Hameed, P.S., K. Shaheed, S.S.N. Somasundaram and M.A.R. Iyengar. 1997. Bioaccumulation of 210Pb in the Kaveri River ecosystem, Indian. J. Environ. Radioactivity 37(1):17-27.
- Hannan, P.J. and C. Patouillet. 1972. Effect of mercury on algal growth rates. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 14:93.
- Hare, L., A. Tessier and P.G.C. Campbell. 1991. Trace element distributions in aquatic insects variations among genera elements and lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48(8):1481-1491.
- Haritonidis, S. 1985. Uptake of Cd, Zn, Cu and Pb by marine macrophyceae under culture conditions. Mar. Environ. Res. 17(2-4), 198-199. Aquat. Sci. Fish. Abstr. 16(10):168. Abstr. No. 16005-1Q16. 1986.
- Haritonidis, S., H.J. Jaeger and H.O. Schwantes. 1983. Accumulation of cadmium, zinc, copper and lead by marine macrophyceae under culture conditions. Angew. Bot. 57(5-6):311-30.
- Harrahy, E.A. and W.H. Clements. 1997. Toxicity and bioaccumulation of a mixture of heavy metals in Chironomus tentans (Diptera: Chironomidea) in synthetic sediment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16(2):317-327.
- Harrison, R.M. and A.G. Allen. 1989. Environmental sources and sinks of alkyllead compounds. Appl. Organomet. Chem. 3(1):49-58.
- Haux, C., A. Larsson, G. Lithner and M. Sjobeck. 1986. A field study of physiological effects on fish in lead-contaminated lakes. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 5:283-288.
- Hedtke, S.F. and F.A. Puglisi. 1980. Effects of waste oil on the survival and reproduction of the American flagfish. Can. Jour. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37:757.
- Heisey, R.M. and A.H. Damman. 1982. Copper and lead uptake by aquatic macrophytes in eastern Connecticut, U.S.A. Aquat. Bot. 14:213.
- Herkovits, J. and C.S. Perez-Coll. 1991. Antagonism and synergism between lead and zinc in amphibian larvae. Environ. Pollut. 69(2-3):217-21.
- Hessler, A. 1974. Effects of lead on algae. I. effects of Pb on viability and motility of Platymonas subcordiformis (Chlorophyta:volvocales). Water Air Soil Pollut. 3:371.
- Hessler, A. 1975. Effects of lead on algae. Mutagenesis experiments on Platymonas subcordiformis (Chlorophyta:valvocales). Mutat. Res. 31:43.
- Heumann, H.G. 1987. Effects of heavy metals on growth and ultrastructure of Chara vulgaris. Protoplasma 136(1):37-48.
- Hickie, B.E., N.J. Hutchinson, D.G. Dixon and P.V. Hodson. 1993. Toxicity of trace metal mixtures to alevin rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and larval fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) in soft, acidic water. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50(7):1348-55.
- Hiraoka, Y., S. Ishizawa, T. Kamada and H. Okuda. 1985. Acute toxicity of 14 different kinds of metals affecting medaka fry. Hiroshima J. Med. Sci. 34(3):327-30.
- Hoch, B.S., P.C. Gorfien, A. Eres, S. Shahmehdi and H.I. Lipner. 1992. Comparative effect of metals on antidiuretic hormone induced transport in toad bladder: Specificity of mercuric inhibition of water channels. BioMetals 5(2):95-101.
- Hockett, J.R. and D.R. Mount. 1996. Use of metal chelating agents to differentiate among sources of acute aquatic toxicity. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15(10):1687-1693.
- Hodson, P.V. 1976. Delta-amino levulinic acid dehydratase activity of fish blood as an indicator of a harmful exposure to lead. Jour. Fish. Res. Board. Can. 33:268.
- Hodson, P.V., et al. 1977. Evaluation of erythrocyte delta-amino levulinic acid dehydratase activity as a short-term indicator in fish of a harmful exposure to lead. Jour. Fish. Res. Board Can. 34:501.
- Hodson, P.V., et al. 1978a. Chronic toxicity of water-borne and dietary lead to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Lake Ontario water. Water res. 12:869.
- Hodson, P.V., et al. 1978b. pH induced changes in blood lead of lead-exposed rainbow trout. Jour. Fish. Res. Board Can. 35:437.
- Hodson, P.V., et al. 1979a. Effects of increasing dietary asorbic acid on chronic lead toxicity in rainbow trout. Am. Jour. Clin. Nutrition 32:R28.
- Hodson, P.V., et al. 1979b. Effects of fish age on predicted and observed chronic toxicity of lead to rainbow trout in Lake Ontario water. Int. Assoc. Great Lakes Res. 1:84.
- Hodson, P.V., et al. 1980. Effects of dietary ascorbic acid on chronic lead toxicity to young rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Can. Jour. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37:170.
- Hodson, P.V., et al. 1982. Effect of growth and size of fish on rate of intoxication of waterborne lead. Can. Jour. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 39:1243.
- Hodson, P.V., B.R. Blunt and D.M. Whittle. 1983a. Suitability of a biochemical method for assessing the exposure of feral fish to lead. In: Aquatic toxicology and hazard assessment. ASTM STP 802. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia PA. pp. 389-405.
- Hodson, P.V., et al. 1983b. Effect of fluctuating lead exposures in lead accumulation by rainbow trout. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2:225.
- Holan, Z.R. and B. Volesky. 1994. Biosorption of lead and nickel by biomass of marine algae. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 43(11):1001-9.
- Holcombe, G.W., et al. 1976. Long term effects of lead exposure on three generations of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Jour. Fish. Res. Board Can. 33:1731.
- Hollibaugh, J.T., et al. 1980. A comparison of the acute toxicities of ten heavy metals to phytoplankton from Saanich Inlet, B.C. Canada. Estuarine Coastal Mar. Sci. 10:93.
- Holm, J. 1980. Lead, Cd, As and Zn contents in fish from uncontaminated and contaminated inland waters. Sonderdruck aus Fleishwirtschaft 5:1076.
- Horne, M.T. and W.A Dunson. 1994. Exclusion of the Jefferson Salamander, Ambystoma jeffersonianum, from some potential breeding ponds in Pennsylvania: Effects of pH, temperature, and metals on embryonic development. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 27(3):323-30.
- Horne, M.T. and W.A. Dunson. 1995a. Effects of low pH, metals, and water hardness on larval amphibians. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 29(4):500-5.
- Horne, M.T. and W.A. Dunson. 1995b. The interactive effects of low pH, toxic metals, and DOC on a simulated temporary pond community. Environ. Pollut. 89(2):155-61.
- Horne, M.T. and W.A. Dunson. 1995c. Toxicity of metals and low pH to embryos and larvae of the Jefferson salamander, Ambystoma jeffersonianum. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 29(1):110-14.
- Hughes, R.J. and J. Bennett. 1985. Effects of metal ions on the activity of acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7). Biochem. Soc. Trans. 13(1):219-20.
- Hutchinson, N.J. and J.B. Sprague. 1986. Toxicity of trace metal mixtures to American flagfish (Jordanella floridae) in soft, acidic water and implications for cultural acidification. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43(3):647-55.
- Iivonen, P., S. Piepponen and M. Verta. 1992. Factors affecting trace-metal bioaccumulation in Finnish headwater lakes. Environ. Pollut. 78(1-3):87-95.
- Ikuta, K. 1987. Localization of heavy metals in the viscera and the muscular tissues of Haliotis discus exposed to selected metal concentration gradients. Ull. Japan. Soc. Sci. Fish. 53(12):2269-2274.
- Irmer, U., I. Wachholz, H. Schaefer and D.W. Lorch, 1986. Influence of lead on Chlamydomonas reinhardii Danegard (Volvocales, Chlorophyta): Accumulation, toxicity and ultrastructural changes. Environ. Exp. Bot. 26(2):97-105.
- Jackim, E. 1973. Influence of lead and other metals on fish delta-aminolevulinate dehydrase activity. Jour. Fish. Res. Board Can. 30:560.
- Jackim, E., et al. 1970. Effects of metal poisoning on five liver enzymes in the killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus). Jour. Fish. Res. Board Can. 27:383.
- Jain, S.K., P. Vasudevan and N.K. Jha. 1990. Azolla pinnata R. Br. and Lemna minor L. for removal of lead and zinc polluted. Water Res. 24(2):177-184.
- James, R., K. Sampath and S. Algurathinam. 1994. Accumulation and prediction of lead elimination in Oreochromis mossambicus as a function of body size. Acta. Hydrobiol. 36(1):115-124.
- Jampani, C.S.R. 1988. Lead toxicity to alga Synechococcus aeruginosus and nutrients effect on alga recovery. J. Environ. Biol. 9(3):261-9.
- Jana, S. and M.A. Choudhuri. 1982. Sensecence in submerged aquatic angiosperms: effects of heavy metals. New Phytol. 90:477.
- Jana, S. and M.A. Choudhuri. 1984. Synergistic effects of heavy metal pollutants on senescence of submerged aquatic plants. Water Air Soil Pollut. 21:351.
- Jana, S., S.S. Sahana, M.A. Choudhuri and D.K. Choudhuri. 1986. Heavy metal pollutant induced changes in some biochemical parameters in the freshwater fish Clarias batrachus L. Acta Physiol. Hung. 68(1):39-43.
- Janssen, M.P.M., C. Oosterhoff and G.J.S.M. Heijmans and H. van der Voet. 1995. The toxicity of metal salts and the population growth of the ciliate Colpoda cucullus. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 54(4):597-605.
- Janssens de Bisthoven L.G., K.R. Timmermans and F. Ollevier. 1992. The concentration of cadmium, lead, copper and zinc in Chironomus gr. thummi larvae (Diptera, Chironomidae) with deformed versus normal menta. Hydrobiologia 239(3):141-9.
- Jantataeme, S., M. Kruatrachue, S. Kaewsawangsap, Y. Chitramvong, P. Sretarugsa and E. Suchart Upatham. 1996. Acute toxicity and bioaccumulation of lead in the snail, Filopaludina (Siamopaludina) martensi martensi (Frauenfeldt). J. Sci. Soc. Thailand 22(3):237-247.
- Jarman, W.M., K.A. Hobson, W.J. Sydman, C.E. Bacon and E.B. McLaren. 1996. Influence of trophic position and feeding location on contaminant levels in the Gulf of Farallones food web revealed by stable isotope analysis. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30(2):654-660.
- Jayaraj, Y.M., M. Mandakini and P.M. Nimbargi. 1992. Effect of mercury and lead on primary productivity of two water bodies. Environ. Ecol. 10(3):653-8.
- Jeffree, R.A. and P.L. Brown. 1992. A mechanistic and predictive model of metal accumulation by the tissue of the Australian freshwater mussel, Velesunio angasi. Sci. Total Environ. 125:85-95.
- Jennett, J.C., et al. 1981. Some effects of century old abandoned lead mining operations on streams in Missouri, U.S.A. Minerals and the Environment 3:17.
- Johnson, M.S. and J.W. Eaton. 1980. Environmental contamination through residual trace metal dispersal from a derelict lead-zinc mine. Jour. Environ. Qual. 9:175.
- Johnson, W.W. and M.T. Finley, 1980. Handbook of acute toxicity of chemicals to fish and aquatic invertebrates. Resource Publication 137. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C.
- Jones, J.R.E. 1935. The toxic action of heavy metal salts on the three-spined stickleback. Jour. Exp. Biol. 12:165.
- Jones, J.R. 1938. The relative toxicity of salts of Pb, Zn, and Cu to the stickleback and the effects of calcium on the toxicity of lead and zinc salts. Jour. Exp. Biol. 15:394.
- Jones, J.R.E. 1939. The relation between the electrolytic solution pressures of the metals and their toxicity to the stickleback (Gasterostreus aculeatus L.). Jour. Exp. Biol. 16:425.
- Jones, J.R.E. 1947a. The oxygen consumption of Gasterostreus aculeatus L. in toxic solutions. Jour. Exp. Biol. 23:298.
- Jones, J.R. 1947b. A further study of the reactions of fish to toxic solutions. Jour. Exp. Biol. 24:22.
- Jop, K.M., A.M. Askew and R.B. Foster. 1995. Development of a water-effect ratio for copper, cadmium, and lead for the Great Works River in Maine using Ceriodaphnia dubia and Salvelinus fontinalis. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 54(1):29-35.
- Jorgensen, L.A. and B. Pedersen. 1994. Trace metals in fish used for time trend analysis and as environmental indicators. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 28(4):235-43.
- Kabila, V., A. Yamuna and P. Geraldine. 1996. Water hardness as a determinant of the potential toxicity of lead to the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium malcolmsonii (H. milne Edwards). Pollut. Res. 15(1):39-42.
- Kaplan, H.M., et al. 1967. Toxicity of lead nitrate solutions for frogs (Rana pipiens). Lab. Animal Care 17:240.
- Kapu, M.M. and D.J. Schaeffer. 1991. Planarians in toxicology: Responses of asexual Dugesia dorotocephala to selected metals. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 47(2):302-7.
- Kapur, K. and N.A. Yadav. 1982. The effect of certain heavy metal salts on the development of eggs of common carp. Acta Hydrochim. Hydribiol. 10:517.
- Karez, C.S., V.F. Magalhaes, W.C. Pfeiffer and G.M.A. Filho. 1994. Trace metal accumulation by algae in Sepetiba Bay, Brazil. Environ. Pollut. 83(3):351-356.
- Kariya, T., et al. 1969. Studies of the post-mortem identification of the pollutant in fish killed by water pollution-X: acute poisoning with lead. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 35:1167.
- Kasthuri, J. and M.R. Chandran. 1997. Sublethal effect of lead on feeding energetics, growth performance, biochemical composition and accumulation of the estuarine catfish, Mystus gulio (Hamilton). J. Environ. Biol. 18(1):95-101.
- Katti, S.R. and A.G. Sathyanesan. 1983. Lead nitrate-induced changes in lipid and cholesterol levels in the freshwater fish Clarias batrachus. Toxicol. Lett. 19(1-2):93-6.
- Katti, S.R. and A.G. Sathyanesan, 1985. Chronic effects of lead and cadmium on the testis of the catfish, Clarias batrachus. Environ. Ecol. 3(1):596-8.
- Katti, S.R. and A.G. Sathyanesan. 1986. Lead nitrate induced changes in the brain constituents of the freshwater fish Clarias batrachus (L). NeuroToxicology 7(3):47-51.
- Kaur, K. and A. Dhawan. 1994. Metal toxicity to different life stages of Cyprinus carpio Linn. Indian J. Ecol. 21(2):93-95.
- Keenan, S. and M.A. Alikhan. 1991. Comparative study of cadmium and lead accumulations in Cambarus bartoni (Fab.) (Decapoda, Crustacea) from an acidic and a neutral lake. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 47(1):91-6.
- Kelly, M.G. and B.A. Whitton. 1989. Interspecific differences in zinc, cadmium and lead accumulation by freshwater algae and bryophytes. Hydrobiologia 175(1):1-11.
- Kennish, M.J. 1997. Practical handbook of estuarine and marine pollution. CRC Press. New York, NY 524 pp.
- Kesh, A.B., K. Sengupta, A.K. Das and G.M. Sinha, 1993. Lead intoxication and the effects of chelating agents on the stomach and intestine of the fish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). Environ. Ecol. 11(2):405-11.
- Kessler, E. 1986. Lmits of growth of five chlorella species in the presence of toxic heavy metals. Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. 73(1):123-128.
- Khan, S.H., and S. M. Saifullah. 1984. Toxic effects of copper and lead on a tropical marine bluegreen phytoplankter, Oscillatoria thiebautii. Pak. J. Bot. 16(2):267-74.
- Khan, S.H., and S.M. Saifullah. 1986. Bioassay studies of phytoplankton of coastal waters of Karachi (Pakistan) in relation to heavy metal pollution. I. Effect of copper and lead on Skeletonema costatum. Pak. J. Bot. 18(1):137-146.
- Khangarot, B.S. 1991. Toxicity of metals to a freshwater tubificid worm, Tubifex tubifex (Muller). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 46(6):906-12.
- Khangarot, B.S. and P.K. Ray. 1987. Correlation between heavy metal acute toxicity values in Daphnia magna and fish. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 38(4):722-6.
- Khangarot, B.S. and P.K. Ray. 1989a. Sensitivity of midge larvae of Chironomus tentans Fabricius (Diptera Chironomidae) to heavy metals. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 42(3):325-30.
- Khangarot, B.S. and P.K. Ray. 1989b. Investigation of correlation between physicochemical properties of metals and their toxicity to the water flea Daphnia magna Straus. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 18(2):109-20.
- Khangarot, B.S., A. Sehgal and M.K. Bhasin. 1985. "Man and biosphere" - studies on the Sikkim Himalayas. Part 5: Acute toxicity of selected heavy metals on the tadpoles of Rana hexadactyla. Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol. 13(2):259-63.
- Khangarot, B.S., P.K. Ray, and H. Chandra. 1987. Daphnia magna as a model to assess heavy metal toxicity: comparative assessment with mouse system. Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol. 15(4):427-32.
- Kharhar, D.P., et al. 1976. Uranium and thorium decay series nuclides in plankton from the Caribbean. Limnol. Oceanogr. 21:294.
- King, S.O., C.E. Mach and P.L. Brezonik. 1992. Changes in trace metal concentrations in lake water and biota during experimental acidification of Little Rock Lake, Wisconsin, USA. Environ. Pollut. 78(1-3):9-18.
- Knowlton, M.K., et al. 1983. Uptake of lead from aquatic sediment by submerged macrophytes and crayfish. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 12:535.
- Kocjan, G., S. Samardakiewicz and A. Wozny. 1996. Regions of lead uptake in Lemna minor plants and localization of this metal within selected parts of the root. Biol. Plant. 38(1):107-17.
- Kock, G., R. Hofer and S. Wograth. 1995. Accumulation of trace metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn) in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) from oligotrophic Alpine lakes: Relation to alkalinity. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 52: 2367-2376.
- Kock, G., M. Triendl, and R. Hofer. 1996. Seasonal patterns of metal accumulation in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) from an oligotrophic Alpine lake related to temperature. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53(4):780-786.
- Koelmanns, A.A., F. Gillissen and L. Lijklema. 1996. Influence of salinity and mineralization on trace metal sorption to cyanobacteria in natural waters. Water Res. 24(2):177-184.
- Kopfler, F.C. and J. Mayer. 1973. Concentration of five trace metals in the waters and oysters (Crassostrea virginica) of Mobile Bay, Alabama. Proc. Natl. Shellfish. Assoc. 63:27.
- Kraak, M.H.S., Y.A. Wink, S.C. Stuijfzand, M.C. Buckert-de Jong, C.J. de Groot and W. Admiral. 1994. Chronic ecotoxicity of Zn and Pb to the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. Aquat. Toxicol. 30(1):77-89.
- Kralj-Klobucar, N. 1993. Lead intake in the juvenile and adult carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Vet. Arh. 63(2):95-105.
- Kralj-Klobucar, N. and S. Spasojevic. 1989. Lead accumulations in some tissues of the carp. Vet. Arh. 59(2):93-100.
- Krantzberg, G. 1989a. Metal accumulation by chironomid larvae: The effects of age and body weight on metal body burdens. Hydrobiologia 188-189:497-506.
- Krantzberg, G. 1989b. Accumulation of essential and nonessential metals by chironomid larvae in relation to physical and chemical properties of the elements. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 46(10):1755-61.
- Krantzberg, G. and P.M. Stokes. 1988. The importance of surface adsorption and pH in metal accumulation by chironomids. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 7(8):653-670.
- Krantzberg, G. and P.M. Stokes. 1989. Metal regulation, tolerance, and body burdens in the larvae of the genus Chironomus. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 46(3):389-98.
- Krishnaja, A.P., M.S. Rege and A.G. Joshi. 1987. Toxic effects of certain heavy metals (mercury, cadmium, lead, arsenic and selenium) on the intertidal crab Scylla serrata. Mar. Environ. Res. 21(2):109-19.
- Kruas, M.L. 1988. Accumulation and excretion of five heavy metals by the saltmarsh cordgrass Spartina alteriflora. Bull. New Jersey Acad. Sci. 33(2):39-44.
- Kufel, I. 1991. Lead and Molybdenum in reed and cattail open versus closed type of metal cycling. Aquat. Bot. 40(3):275-288.
- Kumar, A. and R.P. Mathur. 1991. Bioaccumulation kinetics and organ distribution of lead in a freshwater teleost, Colisa fasciatus. Environ. Technol. 12(8):731-5.
- Kumar, M. 1992. Accumulation of lead, cadmium, and zinc in aquatic snails from four freshwater sites in Steuben County, Indiana. Bios (Madison, N. J.), 62(1-2):2-8.
- Kumar, S. and S.C. Pant. 1984. Comparative effects on the sublethal poisoning of zinc, copper and lead on the gonads of the teleost Puntius conchonius Ham. Toxicol. Lett. 23(2):189-94.
- Labrot, F., D. Ribera, M. Saint Denis, and J.F. Narbonne. 1996. In vitro and in vivo studies of potential biomarkers of lead and uranium contamination: Lipid peroxidation, acetylcholinesterase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities in three non-mammalian species. Biomakers 1(1):21-28.
- Lacroix, G.L. 1992. Mitigation of low stream pH and its effects on salmonids. Environ. Pollut. 78(1-3):157-64.
- Lakshmanan, P.T. and P.N.K. Nambisan 1989. Bioaccumulation and depuration of some trace metals in the mussel, Perna viridis (Linnaeus). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 43:131-138.
- Landsdown, R. and W. Yule. 1986. Lead toxicity. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD 286 pp.
- Larsen, J. and B. Svensmark. Labile species of lead, zinc and cadmium determined by anodic stripping staircase voltammetry and their toxicity to Tetrahymena. Talanta 38(9):981-8.
- Laskowski, R. and S.P. Hopkin. 1996. Effect of Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd on fitness in snails (Helix aspersa). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 34(1):59-69.
- Laube, V.M., et al. 1980. Strategies of response to copper, cadmium and lead by a blue green and a green alga. Can. Jour. Microbiol. 26:1300.
- LeBlanc, G.A. 1984. Interspecies relationships in acute toxicity of chemicals to aquatic organisms. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 3(1):47-60.
- Lee, L.H., B. Lustingman, I.Y. Chu and S. Hsu. 1992. Effect of lead and cobalt on the growth of Anacystis nidulans. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 48(2):230-236.
- Leland, H.V. and J.S. Kuwabara. 1985. Trace metals pp. 374-415. In: Rand, G.M. and S.R. Petrocelli. Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology. Hemisphere Publishing, Washington, D.C. 666 pp.
- Leland, H.V. and J.M. McNurney. 1974. Lead transport in a river ecosystem. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Transport of Persistent Chemicals in Aquatic Ecosystems. Part III. National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa. p. 17.
- Lewis, T.E. and A.W. Macintosh. 1986. Uptake of sediment-bound lead and zinc by freshwater isopod, Asellus communis, at three different pH levels. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 15(5):495-504.
- Linde, A.R., P. Arribas, S. Sanchez-Galan and E. Garcia-Vazquez. 1996. Eel (Anguilla anguilla) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) target species to assess the biological impact of trace metal pollution in freshwater ecosystems. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 31(3):297-302.
- Lithner, G., K. Holm and H. Borg. 1995. Bioconcentration factors for metals in humic waters at different pH in the Roennskaer area (N. Sweden). Water Air Soil Pollut. 85(2):785-90.
- Liu, P.C. and J.C. Chen. 1987. Effects of heavy metals on the hatching rates of brine shrimp Artemia salina cysts. J. World Aquacult. Soc. 18(2):78-83.
- Lloyd, R. 1961. Effects of dissolved oxygen concentrations on the toxicity of several poisons to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Jour. Exp. Biol. 38:447.
- Lopez, J., M.D. Vazquez and A. Carballeira. 1994. Stress response and metal exchange kinetics following transplant of the aquatic moss Fontinalis antipyretica. Freshwater Biol. 32(1):185-198.
- Lu, P., et al. 1975. Model ecosystems studies of lead and cadmium of urban sewage sludge containing these elements. Jour. Environ. Qual. 4:505.
- Lucus, H.F. and D.N. Edgington. 1970. Concentration of trace elements in Great Lakes fishes. Jour. Fish. Res. Board Can. 27:677.
- Lussier, S.M., et al. Manuscript. Acute and chronic effects of heavy metals and cyanide on Mysidopsis bahia (Crustacea: Mysidacea). U.S. EPA, Narragansett, Rhode Island.
- Lussier, S.M., J.H. Gentile and J. Walker. 1985. Acute and chronic effects of heavy metals and cyanide on Mysidopsis bahia (Crustacea:Mysidacea). Aquat. Toxicol. 7(1-2):25-35.
- Lussier, S.M., W.S. Boothman, S. Poucher, D. Champlin and A. Helmsteter. 1995. Derivation of conversion factors for dissolved saltwater aquatic life criteria for metals. 3-31-95. U.S. EPA, Narragansett, RI.
- Macdonald, J.M., J.D. Shields and R.K. Zimmer-Faust. 1988. Acute toxicities of eleven metals to early life-history stages of the yellow crab Cancer anthonyi. Mar. Biol. (Berlin) 98(2):201-7.
- MacFarlane, R.D., G.L. Bullock and J.A. McLaughlin. 1986. Effects of five metals on susceptibility of striped bass to Flexibacter columnaris. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 115(2):227-31.
- Mackie, G.L. 1989. Tolerances of five benthic invertebrates to hydrogen ions and metals (cadmium, lead, aluminum). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 18(1-2): 215-23.
- MaClean, R.S. and U. Borgmann. 1996. Bioaccumulation kinetics and toxicity of lead in Hyalella azteca (Crustacea, Amphipoda). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 53(10):2212-2220.
- MacRae, T.H. and S.A. Pandey. 1991. Effects of metals on early life stages of the brine shrimp, Artemia: A developmental toxicity assay. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 20(2):247-52.
- Madoni, P., D. Davoli and G. Gorbi. 1994. Acute toxicity of lead, chromium, and other heavy metals to ciliates from activated sludge plants. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 53(3):420-5.
- Malanchuk, J.L. and G.K. Gruendling. 1973. Toxicity of lead nitrate to algae. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2:181.
- Manalis, R. and G. Cooper. 1973. Presynaptic and postsynaptic effects of lead at the frog neuromuscular junction. Nature 243:354.
- Manalis, R.S., et al. 1984. Effects of lead on neuromuscular transmission in the frog. Brain Res. 294:95.
- Manalis, R.S., G.P. Cooper and S.L. Pomeroy. 1984. Effects of lead on neuromuscular transmission in the frog. Brain Res. 294(1):95-109.
- Marchetti, R. 1978. Acute toxicity of alkyl lead to some marine organisms. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 9:206.
- Marion, M. and F. Denizeau. 1983. Rainbow trout and human cells in culture for the evaluation of the toxicity of aquatic pollutants: a study with lead. Aquat. Toxicol. 3:47.
- Markich, S.J. and R.A. Jeffree. 1994. Absorption of divalent trace metals as analogues of calcium by Australian freshwater bivavles: An explanation of how water hardness reduces metal toxicity. Aquat. Toxicol. 29(3-4):257-290.
- Marr, J.C.A., H.L Bergman, M. Parker, J. Lipton, D. Cacela, W. Erickson and G. R. Phillips. 1995. Relative sensitivity of brown and rainbow trout to pulsed exposures of an acutely lethal mixture of metals typical of the Clark Fork River, Montana. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 52(9):2005-15.
- Marr, J.C.A., H.L. Bergman, J. Lipton and C. Hogstrand. 1995. Differences in relative sensitivity of naive and metals-acclimated brown and rainbow trout exposed to metals representative of the Clark Fork River, Montana. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 52(9):2016-30.
- Martin, M.G. and J.M. Mudre. 1982. Patterns of bioaccumulation of heavy metals in stream fishes. Virginia Jour. Sci. 33:116.
- Martin, M., et al. 1981. Toxicities of ten metals to Crassostrea gigas and Mytilus edulis embryos and Cancer magister larvae. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 12:305.
- Martin, M., et al. 1984. Relationships between physiological stress and trace toxic substances in the bay mussel, Mytilus edulis, from San Francisco Bay, California. Mar. Environ. Res. 11:91.
- Martin, T.R. and D.M. Holdich. 1986. The acute lethal toxicity of heavy metals to peracarid crustaceans (with particular reference to fresh-water asellids and gammarids). Water Res. 20(9):1137-47.
- Martincic, D., H.W. Nuernberg, M. Stoeppler and M. Brainica. 1984. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by bivalves from Lim Fjord (North Adriatic Sea). Mar. Biol. (Berlin) 81(2):177-188.
- Martincic, D., Z. Kwokal, Z. Peharec, D. Margus and M. Branica. 1992. Distribution of Zn, Pb, Cd, and Cu between seawater and transplanted mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). Sci. Total Environ. 119:211-230.
- Martinez, M., A. Torreblanca, J. Del Ramo and J. Diaz-Mayans. 1994. Effects of sublethal exposure to lead on levels of energetic compounds in Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 52(5):729-33.
- Masters, J.A., M.A. Lewis, D.H. Davidson and R.D. Bruce. 1991.Validation of a four-day Ceriodaphnia toxicity test and statistical considerations in data analysis. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 10(1):47-55.
- Matheickal, J.T. and Q. Yu.1996. Biosorption of lead from aqueous solutions by marine algae Ecklonia radiata. Water Sci. Technol. 34(9, Part 5):1-7.
- Mathew, R., M.K. Kanagaraj and R. Manavalaramanujam. 1997. Lead nitrate toxicity on ventilation frequency, oxygen consumption and Hb content in fish, Cyprinus carpio. Pollut. Res. 16(1):51-53.
- Mathis, B.J. and T.F. Cummings. 1973. Selected metals in sediments, water, and biota in the Illinois River. Jour. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 45:1573.
- Mathis, B.J. and N.R. Kevern. 1975. Distribution of mercury, cadmium, lead, and thallium in a eutrophic lake. Hydrobiologia 46:207.
- May, T.W. and G.L. McKinney. 1981. Cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic, and selenium concentrations in freshwater fish, 1976-77 - National Pesticide Monitoring Program. Pestic. Monit. Jour. 15:14.
- McCahon, C.P. and D. Pascoe. 1988. Use of Gammarus pulex (L.) in safety evaluation tests: culture and selection of a sensitive life stage. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 15(3):245-52.
- McConnell, M.A. and R.C. Harrel. 1995. The estuarine clam Rangia cuneata (Gray) as biomonitor of heavy metals under laboratory field conditions. Amer. Malacol. Bull. 11(2):191-201.
- Medina, J., J. Diaz-Mayans, F. Hernandez, A. Pastor, J. Del Ramo and A. Torreblanca. 1991. Study of the toxicity and bioaccumulation of some heavy metals in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii. MAP Tech. Rep. Ser.(UNEP Fin Rpts) 51:105-131.
- Mehrle, P.M., et al. 1982. Relationship between body contaminants and bone development in East-Coast striped bass. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 111:231.
- Memmert, U. 1985. Seasonal variation of heavy metals concentrations (cadmium, lead, zinc) in four ponds and occurrence of Daphnia. Heavy Met. Environ., Int. Conf., 5th, Vol. 1, 679-81. CEP Consult.: Edinburgh, UK.
- Merlini, M. and G. Pozzi. 1977a. Lead and freshwater fishes: Part I - lead accumulation and water pH. Environ Pollut. 12:167.
- Merlini, M. and G. Pozzi. 1977b. Lead and freshwater fishes: Part II - ionic lead accumulation. Environ. Pollut. 13:119.
- Metayer, C., et al. 1982. Accumulation of some trace metals (cadmium, lead, copper and zinc) in sole (Solea solea) and flounder (Platichthys flesus): changes as a function of age and organotropism. Rev. Int. Oceanogr. Med. 66-67:33.
- Metcalfe-Smith, J.L. 1994. Influence of species and sex on metal residues in freshwater mussels (family Unionidae) from the St. Lawrence River, with implications for biomonitoring programs. Res. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13(9):1433-43.
- Meyer, W., G. Harisch and A.N. Sagredos. 1986. Biochemical and histochemical aspects of lead exposure in dragonfly larvea (Odonata: Anisoptera). Ecotox. Environ. Saf. 11(3):308-319.
- Meyer, W., M. Kretschmer, A. Hoffmann and G. Harisch Biochemical. 1991. Biochemical and histochemical observations on effects of low-level heavy metal load (lead, cadmium) in different organ systems of the freshwater crayfish, Astacus astacus L. (Crustacea: Decapoda). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 21(2):137-56.
- Michaels, A.F. and A.R. Flegal. 1990. Lead in marine planktonic organisms and pelagic food webs. Limnol. Oceanogr. 35(2):287-295.
- Migliore L. and M. De Nicola Giudici. 1990. Toxicity of heavy metals to Asellus aquaticus L. (Crustacea, Isopoda). Hydrobiologia. 203(3):155-164.
- Mikhailova, P. and R. Belcheva, 1990. Different effect of lead on external morphology and polytene chromosomes of Glyptotendipes barbipes. Folia Biol. (Krakow) 38(1-4):83-8.
- Mizutani, A., E. Ifune, A. Zanella and C. Eriksen. 1991. Uptake of lead, cadmium and zinc by the fairy shrimp, Branchinecta longiantenna (Crustacea: Anostraca). Hydrobiologia 212:145-9.
- Mo, S.C., D.S. Choi and J.W. Robinson. 1988. A study of the uptake by duckweed of aluminum, copper, and lead from aqueous solution. J. Environ. Sci. Health 23A(2):139-56.
- Mohapatra, B.C. and K. Rengarajan. 1996. Static bioassay with Liza parsia exposed to copper sulfate, zinc sulfate and lead nitrate. Fish. Technol. 33(2):127-129.
- Monahan, T.J. 1976. Lead inhibition of chlorophycecan and microalgae. Jour. Phycol. 12:358.
- Montgomery, J.R., et al. 1978. Biological availability of pollutants to marine organisms. EPA-600/3-78-035. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.
- Morgan, W.S.C. 1979. Fish locomotor behavior patterns as a monitoring tool. Jour. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 51:580.
- Mount, D.I. and T.J. Norberg. 1984. A seven-day life-cycle cladoceran toxicity test. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 3:425.
- Mount, D.I., A.K. Barth, T.D. Garrisos, K.A. Barten and J.R. Hockett. 1994. Dietary and waterborne exposure of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to copper, cadmium, lead and zinc using a live diet. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12:2031-2041.
- Mudgall, C.F. and S. Patil. 1988. Toxicity of lead and mercury to frogs Rana cyanophlyctis and Rana tigerina. S. Environ. Ecol. 6(2):506-8.
- Mullick, S. 1995. Impact of estimated safe levels of zinc, copper, iron and lead mixture on aquatic ecosystem. Environ. Ecol. 13(2):388-94.
- Munawar, M. and M. Legner. 1993. Detection of metal toxicity using natural phytoplankton as test organisms in the Great Lakes. Water Pollut. Res. J. Can. 28(1):155-76.
- Nacci, D., E. Jackim and R. Walsh. 1986. Comparative evaluation of three rapid marine toxicity tests: sea urchin early embryo growth test, sea urchin sperm cell toxicity test and Microtox. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 5(6):521-5.
- Nakagawa, H., T. Sato and H. Kubo. 1995a. Evaluation of chronic toxicity of water lead for carp (Cyprinus carpio) using its blood 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase. Fish. Sci. 61(6):956-9.
- Nakagawa, H., K. Nakagawa and T. Sato. 1995b. Evaluation of erythrocyte 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in the blood of carp Cyprinus carpio as an indicator in fish with water lead pollution. Fish. Sci. 61(1):91-5.
- Naqvi, S.M. and R.D. Howell. 1993. Cadmium and lead uptake by red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) of Louisiana. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 51(2):296-302.
- Naqvi, S.M and R.D. Howell. 1993. Toxicity of cadmium and lead to juvenile red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, and effects on fecundity of adults. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 51(2):303-8.
- Naqvi, S.M., R.D. Howell and M. Sholas. 1993. Cadmium and lead residues in field-collected red swamp crayfish, Procambrius clarkii, and uptake by alligator weed, Alternanther philoxeroides. J. Environ. Sci. Health. 28B(4):473-485.
- Narbonne, J.F., et al. 1973. Toxicity of lead nitrate to carp-data on modifications of mucleoprotein and glucide metabolism. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. 167:572.
- Nash, W.W., et al. 1981. The uptake and cellular distribution of lead in developing sea urchin embryos. Comp. Biochem. Physio. 69C:205.
- National Academy of Sciences. 1980. Lead additions to the Atmosphere. 525 pp.
- Nehring, R.B. 1976. Aquatic insects as biological monitors of heavy metal pollution. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 15:147.
- Nehring, R.B., et al. 1979. Reliability of aquatic insects versus water samples as measures of aquatic lead pollution. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 22:103.
- Nelson, D.A., J.E. Miller and A. Calabrese. 1988. Effect of heavy metals on bay scallops, surf clams and blue mussels in acute and long-term exposures. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17(5):595-600.
- Neter, J. and W. Wasserman. 1974. Applied Linear Statistical Models. Irwin, Inc., Homewood, Illinois.
- Newman, M.C. and A.W. McIntosh. 1983a. Slow accumulation of lead from contaminated food sources by the freshwater gastropods, Physa integra and Campeloma decisum. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 12:685.
- Newman, M.C. and A.W. McIntosh. 1983b. Lead elimination and size effects on accumulation by two freshwater gastropods. Arch Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 12:25.
- Nixdorf, W.L., D.H. Taylor and L.G. Isaacson. 1997. Use of bullfrog tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana) to examine the mechanisms of lead neurotoxicity. Am. Zool. 37(4):363-368.
- North, W.F., et al. 1972. Marine algae and their relations to pollution problems. In: M. Ruivo (ed.), Marine Pollution and Sea Life. Fishing Trading News Ltd., London. p. 330.
- Nyman, H.G. 1981. Sublethal effects of lead on size selective predation by fish-application in the ecosystem level. Verh. Int. Ver. Limnol. 21:1126.
- O'Connor, T.P. 1996. Trends in chemical concentrations in mussels and oysters collected along the US coast from 1986 to 1993. Mar. Environ. Res. 41(2):183-200.
- Odzak, N., D. Martincic, T. Zvonaric and M. Branica. 1994. Bioaccumulation rate of Cd and Pb in Mytilus galloprovincialis foot and gills. Mar. Chem. 46(1-2):119-31.
- Oladimeji A.A. and B.O. Offem. 1989. Toxicity of lead to Clarias lazera, Oreochromis niloticus, Chironomus tentans and Benacus species. Water Air Soil Pollut. 44(3-4):191-201.
- O'Neill, J.G. 1981. Effects of intraperitoneal lead and cadmium on the humoral immune response of Salmo trutta. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 27:42.
- Osipenko, O.N. and T. Kiss. 1992. Single-channel analysis of lead(2+) modified steady-state sodium conductance in snail neurons. Acta Biochim. Biophys. Hung. 26(1-4):39-49.
- Overnell, J. 1975. The effect of some heavy metal ions on photosynthesis in freshwater algae. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 5:19.
- Ozer, D., Z. Aksu, T. Kutsal and A. Caglar. 1994. Adsorption isotherms of lead(II) and chromium(VI) on Cladophora crispata. Environ. Technol. 15(5):439-48.
- Ozoh, P.T. 1979. Studies on intraperitoneal toxicity of lead to Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum development. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 21:676.
- Pace, F., et al. 1977. Effects of sublethal doses of copper sulphate and lead nitrate on growth and pigment composition of Dunaliella salina Teod. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17:679.
- Pagenkopf, G.K. and D.R. Newman. 1974. Lead concentrations in native trout. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 12:70.
- Pakkala, I.S., et al. 1972. Residues in fish, wildlife and estuaries. Pestic. Monit. Jour. 5:348.
- Palawski, D., J.B. Hunn, F.J. Dwyer. 1985. Sensitivity of young striped bass to organic and inorganic contaminants in fresh and saline waters. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 114(5):748-53.
- Parker, J.G. 1984. The effects of selected chemicals and water quality on the marine polychaete, Ophryotrocha diadema. Water Res. 18:865.
- Pascucci, P.R. 1993. Simultaneous multielement study of the binding of metals in solution by an algal biomass, Chlorella vulgaris. Anal. Lett. 26(3):445-55.
- Pascucci, P.R. and J. Sneddon. 1993. A simultaneous multielement flame atomic absorption study for the removal of lead zinc and copper by an algal biomass. J. Environ. Sci. Health 28A(7):1483-1493.
- Passino, D.R. and C.A. Contant. 1979. Allantoinase in lake trout: in vitro effects of PCB, DDT, and metals. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 62C:71.
- Pastor A., J. Medina, J. Del Ramo, A. Torreblanca, J. Diaz-Mayans and F. Hernandez. 1988. Determination of lead in treated crayfish Procambarus clarkii: accumulation in different tissues. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 41(3):412-18.
- Pawlaczyk-Szpilowa, M. and J. Slowik. 1981. The bioaccumulation of copper and lead by Scenedesmus obliquus. Acta Microbiol. Pol. 30:79.
- Pederzoli, A., P. Trevisan and A.M. Fantin. 1996. Immunocytochemical study of endocrine cells in the gut of goldfish Carassius carassius (L.) var. auratus submitted to experimental lead intoxication. Eur. J. Histochem. 40(4):305-314.
- Pedrenho, A.R., G.M. Meilhac and A. Hasson-Voloch. 1996. Inhibitory effects of cadmium and lead on (Na+,K+)-ATPase of Electrophorus electricus (L.) electrocyte. Toxic Subst. Mech. 15(3):231-247.
- Pennington, C.H., et al. 1982. Contaminant levels in fishes from Brown's Lake, Mississippi. Jour. Mississippi Acad. Sci. 27:139.
- Perez-Coll, C.S., and J. Herkovits. 1990. Stage dependent susceptibility to lead in Bufo arenarum embryos. Environ. Pollut. 63(3):239-45.
- Perez-Coll, C.S., J. Herkovits and A. Salibian. 1988. Embryotoxicity of lead on Bufo arenarum. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 41(2):247-52.
- Peterson, H.G., N. Nyholm, M. Nelson, R. Powell, P.M. Huang, and R. Scroggins. 1996. Development of aquatic plant bioassays for rapid screening and interpretive risk assessments of metal mining liquid waste waters. Water Sci. Technol. 33(6):155-16.
- Peterson, R.H., A. Sreedharan and S. Ray. 1989. Accumulation of trace metals in three species of fish from lakes in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia (Canada): influence of pH and other chemical parameters. Water Pollut. Res. J. Can. 24(1):101-17.
- Phillips, G.R. 1980. Accumulation of selected elements (As, Cu, Hg, Pb, Se and Zn) by northern pike reared in surface coal mine decant water. Proc. Montana Acad. Sci. 39:44.
- Phillips, G.R. and R.C. Russo. 1978. Metal bioaccumulation in fishes and aquatic invertebrates: a literature review. EPA-600/3-78-103. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.
- Phinney, J.T. and K.W. Bruland. 1994. Uptake of lipophilic organic Cu, Cd, and Pb complexes in the coastal diatom Thalassiosira weissflogil. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28(11):1781-1790.
- Phinney, J.T., and K.W. Bruland. 1997. Trace metal exchange in solution by the fungicides Ziram and Maneb (Dithiocarbamates) and subsequent uptake of lipophilic organic zinc, copper and lead complexes into phytoplankton cells. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16(10):2046-2053.
- Phipps, G.L., V.R. Mattson and G.T. Ankley. 1995. Relative sensitivity of three freshwater benthic macroinvertebrates to ten contaminants. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 28(3):281-6.
- Pickering, Q.H. and C. Henderson. 1966. The acute toxicity of some heavy metals to different species of warmwater fishes. Air Water Pollut. Int. Jour. 10:453.
- Pitts, L.C. and G.T. Wallace. 1994. Lead deposition in the shell of the bivavle, Mya arenaria: An indicator of dissolved lead in seawater. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 39(1):93-104.
- Pokethitiyook, P., E.S. Upatham and O. Leelhaphunt. 1987. Acute toxicity of various metals to Moina macrocopa. Nat. Hist. Bull. Saim Soc. 35(1-2):47-56.
- Popham, J.D. and J.M. D'Auria. 1981. Statistical models for estimating seawater metal concentrations from metal concentrations in mussels (Mytilus edulis). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 27:660.
- Poskuta, J.W., W. Parys and E. Romanowska. 1996. Toxicity of lead to photosynthesis, accumulation of chlorophyll, respiration and growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa: Protective role of dark respiration. Acta Physiol. lantarum 18(2):165-171.
- Poulton, B.C., D.P. Monda, D.P. Woodward, M.L. Wildhaber and W.G. Brumbaugh. 1995. Relations between benthic community structure and metals concentrations in aquatic macroinvertebrates: Clark Fork River, Montana. J. Freshwater Ecol. 14(3):513-521.
- Pourang, N. 1995. Heavy metal bioaccumulation in different tissues of two fish species with regards to their feeding habits and trophic levels. Environ. Monit. Assess. 35(3):207-219.
- Powell, M.I., and K.N. White. 1990. Heavy metal accumulation by barnacles and it's implications for their use as biological monitors. Mar. Environ. Res. 30(2):91-118.
- Prakash, N.T. and K.S.J. Rao. 1995. Modulations in antioxidant enzymes in different tissues of marine bivalve Perna viridis during heavy metal exposure. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 146(2):107-13.
- Price, R.E. and L.A. Knight. 1978. Hg, Cd, Pb and As in sediment, plankton and clams from Lake Washington and Sardis Reservoir, Mississippi. Pestic. Monit. Jour. 4:182.
- Pringle, B.H., et al. 1968. Trace metal accumulation by estuarine mollusks. Am. Soc. Civil. Eng., Jour. Sanit. Eng. Div. 94:455.
- Pundir, R. and A. Sharma. 1991. Effect of lead on the pituitary and gonads of a freshwater fish, Nemacheilus botia. Funct. Dev. Morphol. 1(1):55-8.
- Pyatt, F.B. and N.M. Dodd. 1986. Some effects of metal ions on the freshwater organisms, Hydra oligactis and Chlorohydra viridissima. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 24(3):169-73.
- Pyatt, F.B., A.J. Pyatt and V.W. Pentreath. 1997. Distribution of metals and accumulation of lead by different tissues in the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16(7):1393-1395.
- Quershi, S.A., et al. 1980. Acute toxicity of four heavy metals to benthic fish food organisms from River Khan, Vjjain. Int. Jour. Environ. Studies 15:59.
- Rachlin, J.W., et al. 1982. The growth response of the green alga (Chlorella saccarophila) to selected concentrations of heavy metals Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn. In: D.D. Hemphill (ed.), Trace Substances in Environmental Health-XVI. University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. p. 145.
- Rachlin, J.W., et al. 1983. The growth response of the diatom Navicula incerta to selected concentrations of the metals cadmium, copper, lead and zinc. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 110:217.
- Rai, L.C. and M. Raizada. 1988. Impact of chromium and lead on Nostoc muscorum: Regulation of toxicity by asorbic acid, gluthiione and sulfur-containing amino acids. Ecotox. Environ. Saf. 15(2):195-205.
- Rai, L.C. and M. Raizada. 1989. Effect of bimetallic combinations of Ni, Cr and Pb on growth, uptake of nitrate and ammonia, 14C02 fixation, and nitrogenase activity of Nostoc. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 17(1):75-85.
- Rai, R. and M. Qayyum. 1984. Hematological responses in a freshwater fish to experimental lead poisoning. J. Environ. Biol. 5(1):53-6.
- Rai, U.N. and P. Chandra. 1992. Accumulation of copper, lead, manganease and iron by field populations of Hydrodictyon reticulatum (Linn.) Lagerheim. Sci. Total Environ. 116(3):203-211.
- Raizada, M. and L.C. Rai. 1985. Metal induced inhibition of growth, heterocyst differentiation, carbon fixation and nitrogenase activity of Nostoc muscorum: Interaction with EDTA and calcium. Microbios Letters. 30(2):91-118.
- Randall, G.W., et al. 1981. The significance of heavy metals in urban runoff entering the Occoquan Reservoir. Bulletin 132. Virginia Water Resources Research Center, Blacksburg, Virginia.
- Rao, C.K. 1992. Elemental composition of Indian marine algae; a biogeochemical perspective. Indian J. Mar. Sci. 21(3):167-177.
- Rao, D.S. and A.B. Saxena. 1980. Acute toxicity of Hg, Zn, Pb, Cd and Mn to Chironomus sp. Int. Jour. Environ. Studies 16:227.
- Rao, J.C.S. and T.R.K. Reddy. 1985. Response of Scenedesmus incrassatulus to lead toxicity in presence of nutrients. J. Biol. Res. 5(1):51-6.
- Rao, V.N.R. and S.K. Subramanian. 1982. Metal toxicity tests on growth of some diatoms. Acta Bot. Indica 10:274.
- Rasmussen, A.D., A. Krag, P. Bjerregaard, J.M. Weeks and M.H. Depledge. 1995. The effects of trace metals on the apparent water permeability of the shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.) and the brown shrimp Crangon crangon. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 31(1-3):60-2.
- Rathore, H.S. and H. Swarup. 1978. A short note on the pollution ecology of Chironomus tentans larvae in a river. Natl. Acad. Sci. Letters 1:235.
- Rathore, H.S., et al. 1979. Toxicity of cadmium chloride and lead nitrate to Chironomus tentans larvae. Environ. Pollut. 18:173.
- Ray, S. 1978. Bioaccumulation of lead in Atlantic salmon. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19:631.
- Ray, S., et al. 1981. Accumulation of copper, zinc, cadmium and lead from two contaminated sediments by three marine invertebrates - a laboratory study. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 26:315.
- Reader, J.P., N.C. Everall, M.D.J. Sayer and R. Morris. 1989. The effects of eight trace metals in acid soft water on survival, mineral uptake and skeletal calcium deposition in yolk-sac fry of brown trout, Salmo trutta L. J. Fish Biol. 35(2):187-98.
- Regoli, F. 1992. Lysosomal responses as a sensitive stress index in biomonitoring heavy metal pollution. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 84(1):63-9.
- Regoli, F. and E. Orlando. 1994. Accumulation and subcellular distribution of metals (Cu, Fe, Mn, PB and Zn) in the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus gallprovincialis during a field transplant experiment. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 28(10):592-600.
- Regoli, F. and G. Principato. 1995. Glutathione, glutathione-dependent and antioxidant enzymes in mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, exposed to metals under field and laboratory conditions: implications for the use of biochemical biomarkers. Aquat. Toxicol. 31(2):143-64.
- Reish, D.J. 1993. Effects of metals and organic compounds on survival and bioaccumulation in two species of marine Gammaridean amphipod, together with a summary of... J. Nat. Hist. 27(4):781-794.
- Reish, D.J. and R.S. Carr. 1978. The effect of heavy metals on the survival, reproduction, development and life cycles for two species of polychaetous annelids. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 9:24. (Table 3 available from author.)
- Reish, D.J. and J.E. LeMay. 1991. Toxicity and bioconcentration of metals and organic compounds by polychaeta. Ophelia (Suppl) 5:653-660.
- Reish, D.J., et al. 1976. The effect of heavy metals on laboratory populations of two polychates with comparisons to the water quality conditions and standards in Southern California marine waters. Water Res. 10:299.
- Revis, N.J.P., A.G.A. Merks, P. Valenta and H. Ruetzel. 1989. Heavy metal uptake by plankton and other seston particles. Chem. Spec. Bioavail. 1(1):31-38.
- Ribo, J.M. 1997. Interlaboratory comparison studies of the luminescent bacteria toxicity bioassay. Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual. 12(4):283-294.
- Rice, H., et al. 1973. The effects of some trace metals on marine phytoplankton. CRC Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 3:27.
- Richelle, E., Y. Degoudenne, L. Dejonghe and G. Van de Vyver. 1995. Experimental and field studies on the effect of selected heavy metals on three freshwater sponge species: Ephydatia fluviatilis, Ephydatia muelleri and Spongilla lacustris. Arch. Hydrobiol. 135(2):209-31.
- Richmond, L. and A. Beeby. 1992. A comparative study of lead uptake by three populations of the snail Helix aspersa Mueller. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 1(1):9-13.
- Riget, F., P. Johansen and G. Asmund. 1996. Influence of length on element concentrations in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis). Mar. Pollut. Bull. 32(10):745-751.
- Ritterhoff, J. and G. Zauke. 1997. Influence of body length, life-history status and sex on trace metal concentrations in selected zooplankton collectives from the Greenland Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 34(8):614-621.
- Rivkin, R.B. 1979. Effects of lead on growth of the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum. Mar. Biol. 50:239.
- Rodriguez-Ariza, A., G. Dorado, J.I. Navas, C. Pueyo and J. Lopez-Barea. 1994. Promutagen activation by fish liver as a biomarker of littoral pollution. Environ. Mol. Mutagen 24(2):116-23.
- Roederer, G. 1983. Trimethyllead toxicity in the freshwater algae Euglena gracilis and Poterioochromonas malhamensis. Heavy Met. Environ., Int. Conf., 4th, Vol. 1, 362-5. CEP Consult.: Edinburgh, UK.
- Roederer, G. 1986a. On the toxic effects of tetraethyllead and its derivatives on the chrysophyte Poterioochromonas malhamensis: VII. Protective action of thiol compounds, vitamins, trace elements and other agents. Ecotox. Environ. Saf. 11(3):277-294.
- Roederer, G. 1986b. Poterioochromonas malhamensis - a unicellular alga as test system in ecotoxicology, toxicology, and pharmacology. Toxic. Assess. 1(1):123-38.
- Roederer, G. 1987. Toxic effects of tetraethyl lead and its derivatives on the chrysophyte Poteriochromonas malhamensis: VIII. Comparative studies with surfactants. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 16(3):291-302.
- Roldan, B.M. and R.R. Shivers. 1987. The uptake and storage of iron and lead in cells of the crayfish (Orconectes propinquus) hepatopancreas and antennal gland. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 86C(1):201-14.
- Rolfe, G.L., et al. 1977. Environmental contamination by lead and other heavy metals. Vol. 2: ecosystem analysis. Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana, Champaign, Illinois.
- Rombough, P.J. 1985. The influence of the zona radiata on the toxicities of zinc, lead, mercury, copper and silver ions to embryos of steelhead trout Salmo gairdneri. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 82C(1):115-17.
- Roncero, V., J.A. Vincente, E. Redondo, A. Gazquez and E. Duran. 1990. Experimental lead nitrate poisoning: microscopic and ultrastructural study of the gills of tench (Tinca tinca, L.). Environ. Health Perspect. 89:137-44.
- Roux, D.J., S.H.L. Jooste and H.M. Mackay. 1996. Substance-specific water quality criteria for the protection of South African freshwater ecosystems: Methods for derivation and initial results for some inorganic toxic substances. S. Afr. J. Sci. 92(4):198-206.
- Roy, D., P.N. Greenlaw and B.S. Shane. 1993. Adsorption of heavy metals by green algae and ground rice hulls. Environ. Sci. Health 28A(1):37-50.
- Rozhaja, D.A., F. Halili and I. Elezaj. 1984. Catalase activity in snails (Helix pomatia L.) exposed to pollutants from lead metallurgy. Acta Biol. Med. Exp. 9(1):27-30.
- Rubio, R., Tineo, P., A. Torreblanca, J. Del Ramo and J. Diaz Mayans. 1991. Histological and electron microscopical observations on the effects of lead on gills and midgut gland of Procambarus clarkii. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 31-32:347-52.
- Ruby, S.M., P. Jaroslawski and R. Hull. 1993. Lead and cyanide toxicity in sexually maturing rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss during spermatogenesis. Aquat. Toxicol. 26(3-4):225-38.
- Rushton, W. 1922. Biological notes. Salmon and Trout Magazine 28:42.
- Ruthven, J.A. and J.R. Whitley. 1974. Pollution abatement in the lead mining districts of Missouri. Missouri Department of Conservation, Columbia, Missouri.
- Sadiq, M., T.H. Zaidi and I.A. Alam. 1992. Bioaccumulation of lead by clams (Meretrix meretrix) collected from the Saudi Coast of the Arabian Gulf. Chem. Spec. Bioavail. 4(1):1-8.
- Sadler, K. and A.W.H. Turnpenny. 1986. Field and laboratory studies of exposures of brown trout to acid waters. Water Air Soil Pollut. 30(3-4):593-9.
- Salanki, J., O.N. Osipenko, T. Kiss and J. Gyori. 1991. Effect of copper and lead on membrane excitability of snail neurons. Verh. - K. Ned. Akad. Wet., Afd. Natuurkd., Tweede Reeks, 88:214-20.
- Sandau, E., P. Sandau and O. Pulz. 1996. Heavy metal sorption by microalgae.
- Acta. Biotechnol. 16(4):227-235.
- Santana-Casiano, J.M., M. Gonzalez-Davila, J. Perez-Pena and F.J. Millero. 1995. Pb2+ interactions with the marine phytoplankton Dunaliella tertiolecta. Mar. Chem. 48(2):115-29.
- Sauter, S., et al. 1976. Effects of exposure to heavy metals on selected freshwater fish. Toxicity of copper, cadmium, chromium and lead to eggs and fry of seven fish species. EPA-600/3-76-105. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.
- Say, P.J. and B.A. Whitton. 1983. Accumulation of heavy metals by aquatic mosses. 1: Fontinalis antipyretica. Hydrobiologia 100:245.
- Sayer, M.D.J., J.P. Reader and R. Morris. 1989. The effect of calcium concentration on the toxicity of copper, lead and zinc to yolk-sac fry of brown trout, Salmo trutta L., in soft, acid water. Fish Biol. 35(3):323-32.
- Sayer, M.D.J., J.P. Reader and R. Morris. 1991. Effects of six trace metals on calcium fluxes in brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) in soft water. J. Comp. Physiol. 161B(5):537-42.
- Sayer, M.D.J., J.P. Reader and R. Morris. 1991. Embryonic and larval development of brown trout, Salmo trutta L.: Exposure to aluminum, copper, lead or zinc in soft, acid water. J. Fish Biol. 38(3):431-55.
- Saygideger, S. 1997. Bioaccumulation and toxicity of lead in the green alga Spirogyra fluviatilis Hilse and Zygnema pectinatum (Zygnemataceae). Turk. J. Biol. 21(3):343-352.
- Schecher, W.D. and C.T. Driscoll. 1985. Interactions of copper and lead with Nostoc muscorum. Water Air Soil Pollut. 24(1):85-101.
- Schmitt, C.J., F.J. Dwyer and S.E. Finger. 1984. Bioavailability of lead and zinc from mine tailings as indicated by erythrocyte .delta.-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) activity in suckers (Pisces:Catostomidae). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 41(7):1030-40.
- Schubauer-Berigan, M.K., J.R. Dierkes, P.D. Monson and G.T. Ankley. 1993. pH-dependent toxicity of cadmium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc to Ceriodaphnia dubia, Pimephales promelas, Hyalella azteca and Lumbriculus variegatus. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12(7):1261-6.
- Schulz-Baldes, M. 1972. Toxizitat und anreicherung von blei bei der mies-muschel Mytilus edulis im labor experiment. Mar. Biol. 16:266.
- Schulz-Baldes, M. 1974. Lead uptake from seawater and food, and lead loss in the common mussel Mytilus edulis. Mar. Biol. 25:17.
- Schulz-Baldes, M. and R.A. Lewin. 1976. Lead uptake in two marine phytoplankton organisms. Biol. Bull. 150:118.
- Schulze, H. and J. Brand. 1978. Lead toxicity and phosphate deficiency in chlamydomonas. Plant Physiol. 62:727.
- Scott, K.J., et al. Manuscript. Toxicological methods using the benthic amphipod Ampelisca abdita Mills. U.S. EPA, Narragansett, Rhode Island.
- Secor, C.L., E.L. Mills, J. Harshbarger, H.T. Kuntz, W.H. Gutenmann and D.J. Lisk. 1993. Bioaccumulation of toxicants, element and nutrient composition, and soft tissue histology of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) from New York State waters. Chemosphere 26(8):1559-75.
- Seferlis, M. and S. Haritonidis. 1995. Accumulation of Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu, Fe under different salinities and heavy metal burden in the green alga Ulva rigida (L). Fresenius Environ. Bull. 4(5):309-14.
- Sehgal, R. and A.B. Saxena. 1987. Determination of acute toxicity levels of cadmium and lead to the fish Lebistes reticulatus (Peters). Int. J. Environ. Stud. 29(2-3):157-61.
- Sen, A.K. and M. Bhattacharyya. 1993. Studies on uptake and toxic effects of lead on Salvinia natans. Indian J. Environ. Health 35(4):308-320.
- Serfozo, J. 1993. Necrotic effects of the xenobiotics' accumulation in the central nervous system of a crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus Eschz.). Acta Biol. (Szeged) 39(1-4):23-38.
- SETAC. 1996. Reassessment of metals criteria for aquatic life protection. H.I. Bergman and E.J. Dorward-King, eds. Proceedings of the Pellston Workshop, 10-14 February, 1996, Pensacola, FL.
- Shaaban-Dessouki, S.A., A.M. Badawy and N.M. Hassan. 1991. Biochemical response of Scenedesmus (green alga) and Anabaena (blue-green alga) to heavy metals pollution. J. Environ. Sci. (Mansoura, Egypt) 3:19-41.
- Shabana, E.F., A.F. Dowidar, I.A. Kobbia and S.A. El-Attar. 1986. Studies on the effects of some heavy metals on the biological activities of some phytoplankton species: II. The effects of some metallic ions on the growth criteria and morphology of Anabaena oryzae and Aulosira Fertilissima. Egypt. J. Physiol. Sci. 13(1-2):55-71.
- Shaffi, S. A. 1993. Comparison of the sublethal effect of mercury and lead on visceral dehydrogenase system in three inland teleosts. Physiol. Res. (Prague) 42(1):7-15.
- Shaffi, S.A. 1995. Sublethal effect of mercury and lead on monoamine oxidase in different regions of the brain in three freshwater teleosts. Rev. Esp. Fisiol. 51(3):125-8.
- Shanmukhappa, H. and K. Neelakantan. 1990. Influence of humic acid on the toxicity of copper, cadmium and lead to the unicellular alga, Synechocystis aquatilis. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 44(6):840-3.
- Sharma, M.S. and C.S. Selvaraj. 1994. Zinc, lead and cadmium toxicity to selected freshwater zooplankters. Pollut. Res. 13(2):191-201.
- Sharma, R.K., A. Qureshi and N.A. Qureshi. 1985. Toxic effect of lead on kidney of a freshwater catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.). Indian J. Zool. 13(2):47-50.
- Shaw, W.H. and B. Grushkin. 1957. The toxicity of metal ions to aquatic organisms. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 67:447.
- Shaw, W.H.R. and B.R. Lowrance. 1956. Bioassay for the estimation of metal ions. Anal. Chem. 28:1164.
- Shuster, C.N. and B.H. Pringle. 1969. Trace metal accumulation by the American Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Proc. Natl. Shellfish Assoc. 59:91.
- Sicko-Goad, L. 1982. A morphometric analysis of algal response to low dose short term heavy metal exposure. Protoplasma 110:75.
- Sicko-Goad, L. and D. Lazinsky. 1982. Polyphosphate body formation and degradation in Plectonema boryanum. Micron Microscopia Acta 13:459.
- Sicko-Goad, L. and E.F. Stoermer. 1979. A morphometric study of lead and copper effects on Diatoma renue. Jour. Phycol. 15:316.
- Sidwell, V.D., et al. 1978. Composition of the edible portion of raw (fresh or frozen) crustaceans, finfish and mollusks. III. microelements. Mar. Fish. Res. 40:1.
- Simpson, R.D. 1979. Uptake and loss of zinc and lead by mussels (Mytilus edulis) and relationships with body weight and reproductive cycle. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 10:74.
- Singh, B.K. and S.P. Singh. 1994. Toxic effects of some inorganic salts on testes of freshwater fish Danio equipinatus (HAM). Proc. Acad. Environ. Biol. 3(2):241-4.
- Singhal, K.C. 1994. Biochemical and enzymic alterations due to chronic lead exposure in the freshwater catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis. J. Environ. Biol. 15(3):185-9.
- Sippel, A.J.A., et al. 1983. Histopathological and physiological responses of rainbow trout to sublethal levels of lead. Water Res. 17:1115.
- Sivakumari, K., M. Ramesh, R. Manavalaramanujam, M.K. Kanagaraj and R. Manonmani. 1995. Uptake of lead nitrate by Cyprinus carpio: Modified by pH. Pollut. Res. 14(3):299-303.
- Smith, A.D., A. Bharath, C. Mallard, D. Orr, K. Smith, J.A. Sutton, J. Vukmanich, L.S. McCarty, and G.W. Ozburn. 1991. The acute and chronic toxicity of ten chlorinated organic compounds to the American flagfish (Jordanella floridae). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 20(1):94-102.
- Smith, D.J., et al. 1981. Distribution and significance of copper, lead, zinc, and cadmium in the Corio Bay ecosystem. Aust. Jour. Mar. Freshwater Res. 32:151.
- Snell, T.W. 1991. New rotifer bioassays for aquatic toxicology final report. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. ADA25002.
- Snell, T.W., B.D. Moffat, C. Janssen and G. Persoone. 1991. Acute toxicity tests using rotifers. III. Effects of temperature, strain, and exposure time on the sensitivity of Brachionus plicatilis. Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual. 6(1):63-75.
- Snell, T.W., B.D. Moffat, C. Janssen and G. Persoone. 1991. Acute toxicity tests using rotifers. IV. Effects of cyst age, temperature, and salinity on the sensitivity of Brachionus calyciflorus. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 21(3):308-17.
- Sobotka, J.M. and R.G. Rahwan. 1995. Teratogenesis induced by short- and long-term exposure of Xenopus laevis progeny to lead. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 44(4):469-84.
- Sola, F., A. Masoni and J. Isaia. 1994. Effects of lead loads of branchial osmoregulatory mechanisms in the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. J. Appl. Toxicol. 14(5):343-9.
- Sordyl, H. 1990. Influence of exposure time and hydrogen ion concentration of the water on the effects of sublethal lead loads on blood parameters of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Zool. Jahrb., Abt. Allg. Zool. Physiol. Tiere, 94(2):141-52.
- Soria, D., Sr. and D. Ochavillo. 1990. Comparative toxicities of trace metals on embryos of the giant clam Tridacna derasa. Asian Mar. Biol. 7:161-166.
- Soundrapandian, S. and K. Venkataraman. 1990. Effect of heavy metal salts on the life history of Daphnia similis Claus (Crustaccea: Cladocera). Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Anim. Sci. 99(5):411-418.
- Sparks, R.E., et al. 1983. Identification of the water quality factors which prevent fingernail clams from recolonizing the Illinois River. Research Report No. 179. Water Resources Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.
- Sparling, D.W. and P.T. Lowe. 1996. Metal concentrations of tadpoles in experimental ponds. Environ. Pollut. 91(2):149-59.
- Spehar, R.L. and J.T. Fiandt. 1985. Acute and chronic effects of water quality criteria based metal mixtures on three aquatic species. PB86-122579/GAR. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
- Spehar, R.L. and J.T. Fiandt. 1986. Acute and chronic effects of water quality criteria-based metal mixtures on three aquatic species. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 5(10):917-31.
- Spehar, R.L., et al. 1978. Toxicity and bioaccumulation of cadmium and lead in aquatic invertebrates. Environ. Pollut. 15:195.
- Spieler, R.E. and D.N. Weber. 1991. Effects of waterborne lead on circulating thyroid hormones and cortisol in rainbow trout. Med. Sci. Res. 19(15):477-8.
- Spieler, R.E., A.C. Russo and D.N. Weber. 1995. Waterborne lead affects circadian variations of brain neurotransmitters in fathead minnows. Bull. Contam. Toxicol. 55(3):412-18.
- Sprague, J.B. 1985. Factors that modify toxicity. In: Fundamentals of aquatic toxicology. Rand, G.M. and S.R. Petrocelli (eds). Hemisphere Publishing Company, New York, NY. pp. 124-163.
- Sprenger, M.D., A.W. McIntosh and S. Hoenig. 1988. Concentrations of trace elements in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) from six acidic lakes. Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 37:375-388.
- Spry, D.J. and J.G. Wiener. 1991. Metal bioavailability and toxicity to fish in low-alkalinity lakes: A critical review. Environ. Pollut. 71(2-4):243-304.
- Srivastava, A.K. 1987. Changes induced by lead in fish testis. J. Environ. Biol. 8(4):329-332.
- St. Louis, V.L. 1993. Element concentrations in chironomids and their abundance in the littoral zone of acidified lakes in northwestern Ontario. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 50(5):953-63.
- Staffier, M.M. 1997. Bioconcentration of eight metals by the mussel Mytilus edulis in Boston Harbor (copper, cadmium, lead, zinc). Diss. Abstr. Int. B 1997, 58(3):1260.
- Stallwitz, E. and D.P. Haeder. 1993. Motility and phototactic orientation of the flagellate Euglena gracilis impaired by heavy metal ions. J. Photochem. Photobiol. 18B(1):67-74.
- Stallwitz, E. and D.P. Haeder. 1994. Effects of heavy metals on motility and gravitactic orientation of the flagellate, Euglena gracilia. European J. Protist. 30(1):18-24.
- Stanley, R.A. 1974. Toxicity of heavy metals and salts to Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spictum L.). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2:331.
- Starodub, M.E., P.T.S. Wong, C.I. Mayfield and Y.K. Chau. 1987a. Influence of complexation and pH on individual and combined heavy metal toxicity to a freshwater green alga. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44(6):1173-80.
- Starodub, M.E., P.T.S. Wong and C.I. Mayfield. 1987b. Short term and long term studies on individuals and combined toxicities of copper, zinc and lead to Scenedesmus quadricauda. Sci. Total Environ. 63(0):101-110.
- Stauber, J.L. and T.M. Florence. 1989. The effect of culture medium on metal toxicity to the marine diatom Nitzschia closterium and the freshwater green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Water Res. 23(7):907-911.
- Steele, C.W., S. Strickler-Shaw and D.H. Taylor. 1989. Behavior of tadpoles of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, in response to sublethal lead exposure. Aquat. Toxicol. 14(4):331-44.
- Steele, R.L. and G.B. Thursby. 1983. A toxicity test using life stages of Champia parvula (Rhodophyta). In: W.E. Bishop, et al. (eds,), Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment. ASTM STP 802. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. p. 73.
- Stephan, C.E. 1995. Derivation of conversion factors for the calculation of dissolved freshwater aquatic life criteria for metals. 3-11-95. U.S. EPA, Duluth, MN.
- Stephan, C.E., et al. 1985. Guidelines for deriving numerical national water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic organisms and their uses. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.
- Stewart, J. and M. Schulz-Baldes. 1976. Long-term lead accumulation in abalone (Haliotus sp.) fed on lead-treated brown algae (Egregia laevigata). Mar. Biol. 36:19.
- Stokes, P.M., R.C. Bailey and G.R. Groulx. 1985. Effects of acidification on metal availability to aquatic biota, with special reference to filamentous algae. Environ. Health Perspect. 63:79-87.
- Stone, C.L., et al. 1981. Bioavailability of lead in oysters fed to young Japanese quail. Environ. Res. 26:409.
- Stouthart, A.J.H.X., F.A.T. Spanings, R.A.C. Lock and S.E. W. Bonga. 1994. Effects of low water pH on lead toxicity to early life stages of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquat. Toxicol. 30(2):137-51.
- Stoyanova, D.P. and E.S. Tckakalova. 1993. The Effect of lead and copper on the photosynthetic apparatus in Elodea canadensis Rich. Photosynthetica (Prague) 28(1):63-74.
- Stratford, H.K., et al. 1984. Effects of heavy metals on water hyacinths. Aquat. Toxicol. 5:117.
- Strickler-Shaw, S. and D.H. Taylor. 1990. Sublethal exposure to lead inhibits acquisition and retention of discriminate avoidance learning in green frog (Rana clamitans) tadpoles. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 9(1):47-52.
- Strickler-Shaw, S. and D.H. Taylor. 1991. Lead inhibits acquisition and retention learning in bullfrog tadpoles. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 13(2):167-73.
- Stripp, R.A., M. Heit, D.C. Bogen, J. Bidanset and L. Trombetta. 1990. Trace element accumulation in the tissues of fish from lakes with different pH values. Water Air Soil Pollut. 51(1-2):75-87.
- Stroemgren, T., S.E. Soerstroem, L. Schou, I. Kaarstad, T. Aunaas, O. G. Brakstad and O. Johansen. 1995. Acute toxic effects of produced water in relation to chemical composition and dispersion. Mar. Environ. Res. 40(2):147-69.
- Stromgren, T., 1980. The effect of lead, cadmium, and mercury on the increase in length of five intertidal fucales. Jour. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 43:107.
- Sturesson, U. 1978. Cadmium enrichment in shells of Mytilus edulis. Abio 7:122.
- Sunda, W.G., P.A. Tester and S.A. Huntsman. 1990. Toxicity of trace metals on Arcartia tonsa in the Elizabeth River southern Chesapeake Bay, Atlantic Ocean. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci. 30(3):207-22.
- Sures, B., H. Taraschewski and E. Jackwerth. 1994. Comparative study of lead accumulation in different organs of perch (Perca fluviatilis) and its intestinal parasite Acanthocephalus lucii. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 52(2):269-73.
- Suszkiw, J., G. Toth, M. Murawsky and G. P. Cooper. 1984. Effects of lead(2+) and cadmium on acetylcholine release and calcium movements in synaptosomes and subcellular fractions from rat brain and Torpedo electric organ. Brain Res. 323(1):31-46.
- Szefer, P. and K. Szefer. 1991. Concentration and discrimination factors for cadmium lead zinc and copper in benthos of puck bay baltic sea. Sci. Total Environ. 105:127-134.
- Tabche, L.M., C.M. Martinez and E. Sanchez-Hidalgo. 1990. Comparative study of toxic lead effect on gill and hemoglobin of tilapia fish. J. Appl. Toxicol. 10(3):193-5.
- Talbor, V., et al. 1976. Lead in Port Phillip bay mussels. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 7:234.
- Talbot, W. 1987. Relationship between lead concentrations in seawater and in the mussel Mytilus edulis: A water-quality criterion. Mar. Biol. (Berlin) 94(4):557-60.
- Talbot, V. 1989. Mobility and speciation of cadmium and lead in polluted seawater of Port Phillip Bay, Australia, management implications. J. Coast. Res. 5(4):755-763.
- Tan, W.H. and L.H. Lim. 1984. The tolerance to and uptake of lead in the green mussel, Perna viridis (L.). Aquaculture 42(3-4):317-32.
- Tang, Y. and E.T. Garside. 1987. Preexposure and subsequent resistance to lead in yearling brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 44(5):1089-91.
- Tarasil, C.M. and C. Henderson. 1960. Toxicity of less common metals to fishes. Ind. Wastes 5:12.
- Taylor, D.H., C.W. Steele and S. Strickler-Shaw. 1990. Responses of green frog (Rana clamitans) tadpoles to lead-polluted water. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 9(1):87-93.
- Temara, A., M. Warnau, M. Jangoux and P. Dubois. 1997. Factors influencing the concentrations of heavy metals in the asteroid Asterias rubens L. (Enchinodermata). Sci. Total. Environ. 203(1):51-63.
- Tessier, A., P.G.C. Campbell, J.C. Auclair and M. Bisson. 1984. Relationships between the partitioning of trace metals in sediments and their accumulation in the tissues of the freshwater mollusk Elliptio complanata in a mining area. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 41(10):1463-72.
- Thomas, N., et al. 1980. Effects of heavy metals on the morphology of some marine phytoplankton. Phycologia 19:202.
- Thompson, S.E., et al. 1972. Concentration factors of chemical elements in edible aquatic organisms. UCRL-50564. Rev. 1. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.
- Timmermans, K.R. 1992. Ecotoxicity of trace metals for chironomids. Neth. J. Aquat. Ecol. 26(2-4):559-61.
- Timmermans, K.R., W. Peeters and M. Tonkes. 1992. Cadmium, zinc, lead and copper in Chironomus riparius (Meigen) larvae (Diptera, Chironomidae): Uptake and effects. Hydrobiologia 241(2):119-34.
- Tolba, M. R., A.E. Hagras and A. Hilmy. 1995. Effect of some heavy metals on the growth of Sphaeroma serratum (Crustacea: Isopoda). Environ. Sci. (Mansoura, Egypt) 10(1):219-31.
- Tomasik, P., C.M. Magadza, S. Mhizha, A. Chirume, M.F. Zaranyika and S. Muchiriri. 1995. Metal-metal interactions in biological systems. Part IV. Freshwater snail Bulinus globosus. Water Air Soil Pollut. 83(1-2):123-145.
- Tong, S.S.C., et al. 1974. Trace metals in Lake Cayuga lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in relation to age. Jour. Fish. Res. Board Can. 31:238.
- Torreblanca, A., J. Diaz-Mayans, J. Del Ramo and A. Nunez. 1987. Oxygen uptake and gill morphological alterations in Procambarus clarkii (Girard) after sublethal exposure to lead. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 86C(1):219-24.
- Torreblanca, A., J. Del Ramo, J. A. Arnau and J. Diaz-Mayans. 1989a. Cadmium, mercury, and lead effects on gill tissue of freshwater crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard). Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 21:343-7.
- Torreblanca, A., J. Del Ramo and J. Diaz-Mayans. 1989b. Gill ATPase activity in Procambarus clarkii as an indicator of heavy metal pollution. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 42(6):829-34.
- Toxicity of heavy metal ions on carp (Cyprinus carpio) eggs. Seong S.C., Shim, Jae Hyung Chayon Kwahak Taehak Nomunjip (Soul Taehakkyo), 9(2), 151-6:1984.
- Trollope, D.R. and B. Evans. 1976. Concentration of copper, iron, lead, nickle and zinc in freshwater algae blooms. Environ. Pollut. 11:109.
- Truscott, R., C.R. McCrohan, S.E.R. Bailey and K.N. White. 1995. Effect of aluminum and lead on activity in the freshwater pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 52(8):1623-9.
- Tsui, P.T.P. and P.J. McCart. 1981. Chlorinated hydrocarbon residues and heavy metals in several fish species from the Cold Lake area in Alberta, Canada. Int. Jour. Environ. Anal. Chem. 10:277.
- Tucker, R.K. and A. Matte. 1980. In vitro effects of cadmium and lead in ATPase in the gill of the rock crab, Cancer irroratus. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 24:847.
- Tulasi, S.J., R. Yasmeen, C.P. Reddy and J.V.R. Rao. 1987. Lead uptake and lead loss in the freshwater field crab, Barytelphusa guerini, on exposure to organic and inorganic lead. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 39(1):63-8.
- Tulasi, S.J., R. Yasmeen and J.V.R. Rao. 1992. Biochemical changes in the hemolymph of the freshwater field crab, Barytelphusa guerini on exposure to organic and inorganic lead. J. Environ. Biol. 13(3):261-71.
- Turnbull, H., et al. 1954. Toxicity of various refinery materials to freshwater fish. Ind. Eng. Chem. 46:324.
- Udoidiong, O.M. and P.M. Akpan. 1991. Toxicity of cadmium lead and lindane to Egeria radiata Lamark (Lamellibranchia, Donacidae). Rev. Hydrobiol. Trop. 24(2):111-118.
- University of Wisconsin-Superior. 1995. Results of saltwater simulation tests concerning dissolved metal. Lake Superior Research Institute Final Report, U.S. EPA contract No. 68-C1-0034, Work Assignment No. 2-13, March 10, 1995.
- U.S. EPA. 1976. Quality criteria for water. EPA-440/9-76-023. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.
- U.S. EPA. 1980. Ambient water quality criteria for lead. EPA-440/4-80-057. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.
- U.S. EPA. 1983a. Methods for chemical analysis of water and wastes. EPA-600/4-79-020 (Revised March 1983). National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.
- U.S. EPA. 1983b. Water quality standards regulation. Federal Register 48:51400. November 8.
- U.S. EPA. 1983c. Water quality standards handbook. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Washington, D.C.
- U.S. EPA. 1985a. Ambient water quality criteria for lead. EPA-440/5-84-027 (Revised late 1984). National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.
- U.S. EPA. 1985b. Technical support document for water quality-based toxics control. Office of Water, Washington, D.C.
- U.S. EPA. 1994. Water Quality Standards Handbook. 2nd Ed. EPA-823-B-94-005b. Office of Water, Washington, D.C.
- Uthe, J.F. and E.G. Bligh. 1971. Preliminary survey of heavy metal contamination of Canadian freshwater fish. Jour. Fish. Res. Board Can. 28:786.
- Valiela, I., et al. 1975. Response of salt marsh bivalves to enrichment with metal-containing sewage sludge and retention of lead, zinc and cadmium by marsh sediment. Environ. Pollut. 7:149.
- Van der Werff, M. and M.J. Pruyt. 1982. Long-term effects of heavy metals on aquatic plants. Chemosphere 11:727.
- van Hattum, B., N.M. van Straalen and H.A.J. Govers. 1996. Trace metals in populations of freshwater isopods: Influence of biotic and abiotic variables. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 31(3):303-318.
- Varanasi, U. and D.J. Gmur. 1978. Influence of water-borne and dietary calcium on uptake and retention of lead by coho salmon. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 46:65.
- Varanasi, U., et al. 1975. Structural alterations in fish epidermal mucus produced by water-borne lead and mercury. Nature 258:431.
- Varshney, P.K., and S.A.H. Abidi. 1988. Toxicity of mercury, copper, and lead in the polychaete Namanereis merukensis Horst. Indian J. Mar. Sci. 17(1):83-4.
- Viarengo, A., G. Mancinelli, M. Pertica,; R. Fabbri and M. Orunesu. 1993. Effects of heavy metals on the Ca2+-ATPase activity present in gill cell plasma membrane of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam.). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 106C(3):655-60.
- Victor, B. 1994. Gill tissue pathogenicity and hemocyte behavior in the crab Paratelphusa hydrodromous exposed to lead chloride. J. Environ. Sci. Health A29(5):1011-34.
- Vighi, M. 1981. Lead uptake and release in an experimental trophic chain. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 5:177.
- Vijaymadhaven, K.T. and T. Iwai. 1975. Histochemical observations on the permeation of heavy metals into taste buds of goldfish. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 41:631.
- Vinikour, W.S., et al. 1980. Bioconcentration patterns of zinc, copper, cadmium and lead in selected fish species from the Fox River, Illinois. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 24:727.
- Vogt, G. and E.T. Quinitio. 1994. Accumulation and excretion of metal granules in the prawn, Panaeus monodon, exposed to water-borne copper, lead, iron and calcium. Aquat. Toxicol. 28(3-4):223-241.
- Vranken, G. and C. Heip. 1986. Toxicity of copper, mercury and lead to a marine nematode. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 17(10):453-457.
- Vuori, K. 1993. Influence of water quality and feeding habits on the whole-body metal concentrations in lotic trichopteran larvae. Limnologica 23(4):301-8.
- Vymazal, J. 1990a. Toxicity and accumulation of lead with respect to algae and cyanobacteria: A review. Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol. 18(5):513-35.
- Vymazal, J. 1990b. Uptake of heavy metals by Cladophora glomerata. Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol. 18(6):657-65.
- Vymazal, J. 1990c. Uptake of lead, chromium, cadmium, and cobalt by Cladophora glomerata. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 44(3):468-72.
- Vymazal, J. 1995. Influence of pH on heavy metals uptake by Cladophora glomerata. Pol. Arch. Hydrobiol. 42(3):231-237.
- Wachs, B. 1982. Concentration of heavy metals in fishes from the river Danube. Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch. 15:43.
- Waldegger, S., F. Schmidt, T. Herzer, E. Gulbins, A. Schuster, J. Biber, D. Markovich, H. Murer, A.E. Busch and F. Lang. 1995. Heavy metal mediated inhibition of rBAT-induced amino acid transport. Kidney Int. 47(6):1677-81.
- Wallen, I.E., et al. 1957. Toxicity to Gambusia affinis of certain pure chemicals in turbid waters. Sew. Ind. Wastes. 29:695.
- Walsh, D.F., et al. 1977. Residues in fish, wildlife and estuaries. Pestic. Monit. Jour. 11:5.
- Walsh, G.E., L.L. McLaughlin, M.J. Yoder, P.H. Moody, E.M. Lores, J. Forester and P.B. Wessinger-Duvall. 1988. Minutocellus polymorphus: A new marine diatom for use in algal toxicity tests. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 7(11):925-9.
- Wang, H. 1959. Analyses of a toxic factor, lethal to paramecium present in non-glass-distilled water. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. med. 101:682.
- Wang, H.K. and J.M. Wood. 1984. Bioaccumulation of nickel by algae. Environ. Sci. Technol. 18(2):106-9.
- Wang, W. 1994. Rice seed toxicity tests for organic and inorganic substances. Environ. Monitor. Assess. 29(2):101-107.
- Wang, W. 1986. Toxicity tests of aquatic pollutants by using common duckweed. Environ. Pollut. 11B(1):1-14.
- Warnau, M., G. Ledent, A. Temara, V. Alva, M. Jangoux and Ph. Dubois. 1995. Allometry of heavy metal bioconcentration in the echinoid Paracentrotus lividus. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 29(3):393-9.
- Warnick, S.L. and H.L. Bell. 1969. The acute toxicity of some heavy metals to different species of aquatic insects. Jour. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 41:280.
- Waterman, A.J. 1937. Effects of salts of heavy metals on development of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata. Biol. Bull. 73:401.
- Watling, H.R. 1981. Effects of metals on the development of oyster embryos. South African Jour. Sci. 77:134.
- Watling, H.R. 1983. Accumulation of seven metals by Crassostrea gigas, Crassostrea margaritacea, Perna perna, and Choromytilus meridionalis. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 30:317.
- Weber, D.N. 1991. Physiological and behavioral effects of waterborne lead on fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Diss. Abstr. Int. B 1992, 52(10):5073-4.
- Weber, D.N. 1993. Exposure to sublethal levels of waterborne lead alters reproductive behavioral patterns in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Neurotoxicology 14(2-3):347-58.
- Weber, D.N. 1996. Lead-induced metabolic imbalances and feeding alterations in juvenile fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual. 11(1):45-51.
- Weber, D.N., W.M. Dingel, J.J. Panos and R.E. Steinpreis. 1997. Alterations in neurobehavioral responses in fishes exposed to lead and lead-chelating agents. Am. Zool. 37(4):354-362.
- Weber, D.N., A. Russo, D.B. Seale and R.E. Spieler. 1997. Waterborne lead affects feeding abilities and neurotransmitter levels of juvenile fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Aquat. Toxicol. 21(1-2):71-80.
- Weber, W.J., Jr. and W. Stumm. 1963. Mechanism of hydrogen ion buffering in natural waters. Jour. Am. Water Works Assoc. 55:1553.
- Wehr, J.D. and B.A. Whitton. 1983a. Accumulation of heavy metals by aquatic mosses. 2: Rhynchostegium riparioides. Hydrobiol. 100:261.
- Wehr, J.D. and B.A. Whitton. 1983b. Accumulation of heavy metals by aquatic mosses. 3: seasonal changes. Hydrobiol. 100:285.
- Wehrheim, B. and M. Wettern. 1994. Influence of the external redox state on heavy metal adsorption by whole cells and isolated cell walls of Chlorella fusca. Biotechnol. Techniques 8(4):221-226.
- Weir, P.A. and C.H. Hine. 1970. Effects of various metals on behavior of conditioned goldfish. Arch. Environ. Health. 20:45.
- Weis, J.S. and P. Weis. 1977. Effects of heavy metals on development of the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus. Jour. Fish. Biol. 11:49.
- Weis, P. and J.S. Weis. 1982. Toxicity of methylmercury, mercuric chloride, and lead in killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) from Southampton, New York. Environ. Res. 28:364.
- Welsh, R.P. and P. Denny 1980. The uptake of lead and copper by submerged aquatic macrophytes in two English lakes. Jour. Ecol. 68:443.
- Westfall, B.A. 1945. Coagulation film anoxia in fishes. Ecology 26:283.
- Whitley, L.S. 1968. The resistance of tubificid worms to three common pollutants. Hydrobiologia. 32:193.
- Whitton, B.A., et al. 1982. Accumulation of zinc, cadmium, and lead by the aquatic liverwort Scapania. Environ. Pollut. (Series B) 3:299.
- Wiener, J.G. and J.P. Giesy. 1979. Concentration of Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn in fishes of a highly organic softwater pond. Jour. Fish. Res. Board Can. 36:270.
- Williams, P.L. and D.B. Dusenbery. 1990. Aquatic toxicity testing using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 9(10):1285-1290.
- Wixson, B.G. and E. Bolter. 1972. Evaluations of stream pollution and trace substances in the new lead belt of Missouri. In: D.D. Hemphill (ed.), Trace Substances in Environmental Health-V. University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. p. 143.
- Wong, P.T.S., et al. 1981. Accumulation and depuration of tetramethyllead by rainbow trout. Water Res. 15:621.
- Wong, P.T.S., et al. 1982. Physiological and biochemical responses of several freshwater algae to a mixture of metals. Chemosphere 11:367.
- Wong, P.T.S., Y.K. Chau, J.L. Yaromich and O. Kramer. 1987. Bioaccumulation and metabolism of trialkyllead and diakyllead compounds by a freshwater alga. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44(6):1257-1260.
- Wong, S.L., L. Nakamoto and J.F. Wainwright. 1997. Detection of toxic organometallic complexes in wastewaters using algal assays. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 32(4):358-366.
- Woodward, D.F., W.G. Brumbaugh, A.J. Delonay, E.E. Little and C.E. Smith. 1994. Effects on rainbow trout fry of a metals-contaminated diet of benthic invertabrates from the Clark Fork River, Montana. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 123(1):51-62.
- Woodward, D.F, A.M. Farag, H.L. Bergman, A.J. DeLonay, E.E. Little, C.E. Smith and F.T. Barrows. 1995a. Metals-contaminated benthic invertebrates in the Clark Fork River, Montana: Effects on age-0 brown trout and rainbow trout. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 52(9):1994-2004.
- Woodward, D.F., J.A. Hansen, H.L. Bergman, E.E. Little and A.J. DeLonay. 1995b. Brown trout avoidance of metals in water characteristic of the Clark Fork River, Montana. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 52(9):2031-7.
- Woolery, M.L. and R.A. Lewin. 1976. The effects of lead on algae. IV. effects of lead on respiration and photosynthesis of Phaeodactylum triconutum (Bacillariophyceae). Water Air Soil Pollut. 6:25.
- World Health Organization. 1989. Lead-Environmental Aspects. Geneva 106 pp.
- Wozny, A. and M. Maniowska. 1989-1990. The toxic effect of lead on Lemna minor L. Bull. Soc. Amis. Sci. Let. 28:59-63.
- Wren, C.D., et al. 1983. Examination of bioaccumulation and biomagnification of metals in a precambrian shield lake. Water Air Soil Pollut. 19:277.
- Wright, D.A. 1986. Trace metal uptake and sodium regulation in Gammarus marinus from metal polluted estuaries in England. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. 66(1):83-92.
- Wu, Y., H. Zhoa and L. Hou. 1990. Effects of heavy metals on embryos and larvea of flat fish Paralichthys olivaceus. Oceanol. Limnol. Sin. 21(4):386-392; Aquat. Sci. Fish. Abstr. 21(4):4343-5Q21.
- Wundram, M., D. Selmar and M. Bahadir. 1996. The Chlamydomonas test: A new Phytotoxicity test based on the inhibition of algal photosynthesis enables the assessment of hazardous leachates from waste disposals in salt mines. Chemosphere 32(8):1623-1631.
- Yan, T., L.H. Teo and M. Sin. 1996. Effects of metals on .alpha.-amylase activity in the digestive gland of the green mussel, Perna viridis L.. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 56(4):677-82.
- Yan, T., L.H. Teo, and Y.M. Sin. 1997. Effects of mercury and lead on tissue glutathione of the green mussel, Perna viridis. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 58(5):845-850.
- Ying, W., M. Ahsanullah and G.E. Batley. 1993. Accumulation and regulation of heavy metals by the intertidal snail Polinices sordidus. Mar. Biol. (Berlin) 116(3):417-22.
- Zacharova, D., M. Hencek, J. Pavelkova and E. Lipska. 1993. The effect of lead(2+) ions on calcium currents and contractibility in single muscle fibers of the crayfish. Gen. Physiol. Biophy.12(2):183-98.
- Zadory, L. 1983. Monitoring heavy metal pollution and genetic consequences in aquatic invertebrates. Heavy Met. Environ., Int. Conf., 4th, Volume 2, 1183-6. CEP Consult.: Edinburgh, UK.
- Zadory, L. 1984. Freshwater mollusks as accumulation indicators for monitoring heavy metal pollution. Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem. 317(3-4):375-9.
- Zaroogian, G.E., et al. 1979. Crassostrea virginica as an indicator of lead pollution. Mar. Biol. 52:198.
- Zhang, W. 1997. Use of particle-induced X-ray emission for evaluation of competitive metal binding on algae. Microchem. J. 56(3):403-412.
- Zhang, M., J. Wang and J. Bao. 1992. Study on the relationship between speciation of heavy metals and their ecotoxicity. I. Toxicity of copper cadmium, lead and zinc in seawater to three marine algae in the presence of different complexation agents. Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 10(3):215-22.
- Zuiderveen, J.A. and W.J. Birge. 1997. The relationship between chronic values in toxicity tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia. In: Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Modeling in Risk Assessment. ASTM STP 1317(Eds).pp. 551-556.